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2024 |
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Clauzel, L., Anquetin, S., Lavaysse, C., Tremoy, G., & Raynaud, D. (2024). West African Operational Daily Solar Forecast Errors And Their Link With Meteorological Conditions. Renewable Energy, 2242.
Abstract: West Africa Is At The Forefront Of Global Environmental Challenges With Its Commitment To Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Harnessing The Potential Of Renewable Energy, Especially The Promising Solar Power. This Study Evaluates Global Horizontal Irradiance (Ghi) Operational Forecast Errors For The Zagtouli (Burkina-Faso) And Sococim (Senegal) Solar Plants, And Investigates Their Links With Local Meteorological Conditions, Particularly Clouds And Dust Aerosols. Firstly, The Evaluation Of Aerosol Products Indicates That Cams Reanalysis Is Reliable For Assessing Aerosol Optical Depth. We Then Examine The Accuracy Of Three Operational Ghi Forecast Products: The Global Forecast System (Gfs, Ncep), The Integrated Forecast System (Ifs, Ecmwf), And Steadymet (Sm, French Company Steadysun). The Analysis Reveals That Ifs And Sm Outperform Gfs, Sm Having A Slight Advantage Due To Its Probabilistic Nature. Closer Examination Reveals A Significant Relationship Between Ghi Forecast Errors And Local Meteorological Characteristics. These Errors Are More Pronounced During The Wet Season, Primarily Attributed To Cloud Occurrence. Dust Events Play A Secondary Influential Role, Especially During The Dry Season. Correlation Analyses Emphasize The Forecast Errors' Major Link With Cloudiness, While Co-Occurrences Highlight That Dust Aerosol Is A Secondary Factor In Forecast Errors For The Ghi Directly Or For Cloud Representation (Aerosolcloud Interaction).
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Flamant, C., Chaboureau, J., Delanoë, J., Gaetani, M., Jamet, C., Lavaysse, C., et al. (2024). Cyclogenesis In The Tropical Atlantic First Scientific Highlights From The Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions In West Africa (Caddiwa) Field Campaign. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, 1051(2), E387–E417.
Abstract: During The Boreal Summer, Mesoscale Convective Systems Generated Over West Africa Propagate Westward And Interact With African Easterly Waves, And Dust Plumes Transported From The Sahel And Sahara By The African Easterly Jet. Once Off West Africa, The Vortices In The Wake Of These Mesoscale Convective Systems Evolve In A Complex Environment Sometimes Leading To The Development Of Tropical Storms And Hurricanes, Especially In September When Sea Surface Temperatures Are High. Numerical Weather Predictions Of Cyclogenesis Downstream Of West Africa Remains A Key Challenge Due To The Incomplete Understanding Of The Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions That Limit Predictability. The Primary Objective Of The Clouds-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions In West Africa (Caddiwa) Project Is To Improve Our Understanding Of The Relative Contributions Of The Direct, Semidirect, And Indirect Radiative Effects Of Dust On The Dynamics Of Tropical Waves As Well As The Intensification Of Vortices In The Wake Of Offshore Mesoscale Convective Systems And Their Evolution Into Tropical Storms Over The North Atlantic. Airborne Observations Relevant To The Assessment Of Such Interactions (Active Remote Sensing, In Situ Microphysics Probes, Among Others) Were Made From 8 To 21 September 2021 In The Tropical Environment Of Sal Island, Cape Verde. The Environments Of Several Tropical Cyclones, Including Tropical Storm Rose, Were Monitored And Probed. The Airborne Measurements Also Serve The Purpose Of Regional Model Evaluation And The Validation Of Spaceborne Wind, Aerosol And Cloud Products Pertaining To Satellite Missions Of The European Space Agency And Eumetsat (Including The Aeolus, Earthcare, And Iasi Missions).
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Haruna, A., Blanchet, J., & Favre, A. (2024). Estimation Of Intensity-Duration-Area-Frequency Relationships Based On The Full Range Of Non-Zero Precipitation From Radar-Reanalysis Data. Water Resources Research, 606(2).
Abstract: Intensity-Duration-Area-Frequency (Idaf) Models Provide The Mathematical Link Between Precipitation Intensities (I), Durations (D), Areas (A), And Frequency Of Occurrence (F). They Play A Critical Role In Hydrological Design, Areal Rainfall Hazard Quantification, Storm Characterization, And Early Warning System Development. Idaf Models Extend The Conventional Intensity-Duration-Frequency Models By Accounting For The Spatial Extent Of Precipitation (I.E., The Area). In This Study, We Develop Idaf Models Using The Entire Non-Zero Precipitation Intensities, Not Only The Extremes. We Use The Extended Generalized Pareto Distribution (Egpd) To Model The Precipitation Intensities. To Build The Idaf Models, We Adopt A Data-Driven Approach That Allows The Linkage Of Egpd Parameters With Duration And Area, Based On Empirically Determined Parametric Relationships. The Inference Of Model Parameters Is Done Using A Global Maximum Likelihood Estimation, And Uncertainties Are Assessed By The Bootstrap Method. The Study Area Is Switzerland, A Topographically Complex Region Of 42,000 Km2 With Regional Precipitation Variability And Clear Seasonality. The Study Utilizes 17 Years Of Data From Combiprecip, A Radar-Reanalysis Product Developed By Geostatistically Merging Radar And Rain Gauge Data In An Operational Setting. We Build The Idaf Models For The Spatiotemporal Range Of 1-72 Hr And 1 To 1,089 Km2 At Each Pixel In The Study Area. To The Best Of Our Knowledge, Our Study Is The First Attempt To Use The Egpd In Idaf Curve Modeling. It Discusses The Use And Limitations Of Combiprecip In Extreme Value Analysis And Highlights The Challenges Of Modeling Areal Precipitation In A Complex Topographical Environment. We Develop Seasonal Intensity Duration Area Frequency Models At Every Pixel Location In Switzerland We Use All The Non-Zero Precipitation Data And Model The Intensities Using The Extended Generalized Pareto Distribution We Highlight The Complexity Of Modeling Areal Precipitation In Mountainous Regions
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Jonville, T., Flamant, C., & Lavaysse, C. (2024). Dynamical Study Of Three African Easterly Waves In September 2021. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, .
Abstract: Three Convectively Active African Easterly Waves (Aews) That Propagated South Of The African Easterly Jet Were Observed Over The Northeast Atlantic Ocean In September 2021. Their Evolution Is Studied Using A Suite Of Theoretical Frameworks, As Well As The European Centre For Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalyses And Satellite-Derived Brightness Temperature Observations. The Environment Of These Aews Was Sampled During The Cloud-Atmospheric Dynamics-Dust Interactions In West Africa Campaign Near Cape Verde With The Goal To Assess Their Potential For Developing Into Tropical Cyclones. We Highlight The Processes That Inhibited The Development Of The First Aew (Which Evolved Into Tropical Disturbance Pierre-Henri) And That Played A Role In The Development Of The Later Two Into Tropical Storms Rose And Peter On September 19, 2021. The Three Aews Developed A So-Called “Marsupial Protective” Pouch. For Peter And Rose, The Pouch Was Associated With A Vertically Aligned Vortex At Low Levels And Efficiently Protected The Convective Systems Inside From Dry And Dusty Air Intrusion. The Development Of This Low-Level Vortex Is Associated With An Interaction With The Monsoon Trough For Rose And With A Vorticity Center Associated With A Wave Propagating North Of The African Easterly Jet (Aej) In The Case Of Peter. The Presence Of A Dust Flux Toward The Convective Core Near The Surface Is Highlighted For Rose And Peter In Spite Of The Presence Of The Protective Marsupial Pouch. On The Other Hand, Pierre-Henri Interacted Positively With Both The Monsoon Trough And An Aew North Of The Aej But Failed To Develop Into A Tropical Cyclone. The Wave North Of The Aej Brought Saharan Air Layer Air Masses Inside The Pouch That Led To A Drying Of The Circulation That May Explain The Decrease In Convective Activity. We Used Different Methods To Analyse The Processes That Helped Or Inhibited The Development Of Three African Easterly Waves (Aews) Into Tropical Cyclones. A Wave Pouch Structure That Protects A Convective System Moving With The Wave Is Observed In The Three Cases And Studied Within The Marsupial Paradigm Framework. The Development Of An Aligned Vortex At Low Levels, Either By Interaction With The Monsoon Trough Or Between Aews North And South Of The African Easterly Jet, Are Highlighted. In One Case, The Latter Interaction Caused The Intrusion Of Dry Air That Might Have Inhibited Cyclogenesis. Image
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Jurasz, J., Guezgouz, M., Campana, P., Kazmierezak, B., Kuriqi, A., Bloomfield, H., et al. (2024). Complementarity Of Wind And Solar Power In North Africa: Potential For Alleviating Energy Droughts And Impacts Of The North Atlantic Oscillation. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1911.
Abstract: With Growing Gas And Oil Prices, Electricity Generation Based On These Fossil Fuels Is Becoming Increasingly Expensive. Furthermore, The Vision Of Natural Gas As A Transition Fuel Is Subject To Many Constraints And Uncertainties Of Economic, Environmental, And Geopolitical Nature. Consequently, Renewable Energies Such As Solar And Wind Power Are Expected To Reach New Records Of Installed Capacity Over The Upcoming Years. Considering The Above, North Africa Is One Of The Regions With The Largest Renewable Resource Potential Globally. While Extensively Studied In The Literature, These Resources Remain Underutilized. Thus, To Contribute To Their Future Successful Deployment And Integration With The Power System, This Study Presents A Spatial And Temporal Analysis Of The Nature Of Solar And Wind Resources Over North Africa From The Perspective Of Energy Droughts. Both The Frequency And Maximal Duration Of Energy Droughts Are Addressed. Both Aspects Of Renewables' Variable Nature Have Been Evaluated In The North Atlantic Oscillation (Nao) Context. The Analysis Considers The Period Between 1960 And 2020 Based On Hourly Reanalysis Data (I.E., Near-Surface Shortwave Irradiation, Wind Speed, And Air Temperature) And The Hurrel Nao Index. The Findings Show An In-Phase Relationship Between Solar Power And Winter Nao Index, Particularly Over The Coastal Regions In Western North Africa And Opposite Patterns In Its Eastern Part. For Wind Energy, The Connection With Nao Has A More Zonal Pattern, With Negative Correlations In The North And Positive Correlations In The South. Solar Energy Droughts Dominate Northern Tunisia, Algeria, And Morocco, While Wind Energy Droughts Mainly Occur In The Atlas Mountains Range. On Average, Solar Energy Droughts Tend Not To Exceed 2-3 Consecutive Days, With The Longest Extending For Five Days. Wind Energy Droughts Can Be As Prolonged As 80 Days (Atlas Mountains). Hybridizing Solar And Wind Energy Reduces The Potential For Energy Droughts Significantly. At The Same Time, The Correlation Between Their Occurrence And The Nao Index Remains Low. These Findings Show The Potential For Substantial Resilience To Inter-Annual Climate Variability, Which Could Benefit The Future Stability Of Renewables-Dominated Power Systems.
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Katharina, K., Berg, P., Bozhinova, D., Crochemore, L., Du, Y., Pechlivanidis, I., et al. (2024). Robustness Of Hydrometeorological Extremes In Surrogated Seasonal Forecasts. International Journal Of Climatology, .
Abstract: Water And Disaster Risk Management Require Accurate Information About Hydrometeorological Extremes. However, Estimation Of Rare Events Using Extreme Value Analysis Is Hampered By Short Observational Records, With Large Resulting Uncertainties. Here, We Present A Surrogate World Setup That Makes Use Of Data Samples From Meteorological And Hydrological Seasonal Re-Forecasts To Explore Extremes For Long Return Periods. The Surrogate Timeseries Allow Us To Pool The Re-Forecasts Into 1000-Year-Long Timeseries. We Can Then Calculate Return Values Of Extremes And Explore How They Are Affected By The Size Of Sub-Samples As Method For Estimating The Uncertainty. The Approach Relies On The Fact That Probabilistic Seasonal Re-Forecasts, Initialized With Perturbed Initial Conditions, Have Limited Predictive Skill With Increasing Lead Time. At Long Lead Times Re-Forecasts Will Diverge Into Independent Samples. The Meteorological Seasonal Re-Forecasts Are Taken From The Seas5 System, And Hydrological Re-Forecasts Are Generated With The E-Hype Process-Based Model For The Pan-European Domain. Extreme Value Analysis Is Applied To Annual Maxima Of Precipitation And Streamflow For Return Periods Of 100 Years. The Analysis Clearly Demonstrates The Large Uncertainty In Long Return Period Estimates With Typical Available Samples Of Only Few Decades. The Uncertainty Is Somewhat Reduced For 100-Year Samples, But Several 100 Years Seem To Be Necessary To Have Robust Estimates. The Bootstrap With Replacement Approach Is Applied To Shorter Timeseries, And Is Shown To Well Reproduce The Uncertainty Range Of The Longer Samples. However, The Main Estimate Of The Return Value Can Be Significantly Offset. Although The Method Is Model Based, With The Associated Uncertainties And Bias Compared To The Real World, The Surrogate Approach Is Likely Useful To Explore Rare And Compounding Extremes. A Method To Generate 1000-Of-Years Long Surrogate Timeseries For Assessing Extreme Streamflow Using Seasonal Forecast Data Is Presented. Illustrative Cases Compare Conventional Bootstrap Method On Single Shorter Timeseries To The Surrogate Data, And Show A Rather Good Sampling Of The Uncertainty, But A Lack Of Precision For The Expected Value. Image
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Silué, F., Diawara, A., Koné, B., Diedhiou, A., Kouassi, A., Kouassi, B., et al. (2024). Assessment Of The Sensitivity Of The Mean Climate Simulation Over West Africa To Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Using Regcm5 Regional Climate Model. Atmosphere, 151(3).
Abstract: This Study Evaluates The Performance Of Two Planetary Boundary Parameterizations In Simulating The Mean Climate Of West Africa Using The Regional Climate Model Version 5 (Regcm5). These Planetary Boundary Parameterizations Are The Holtslag Scheme And The University Of Washington Scheme. Two Sets Of Three One-Year Simulations Were Carried Out At 25 Km Horizontal Resolution With Three Different Initial Conditions. The First Set Of Simulations Used The Holtslag Scheme (Hereafter Referred To As Hol), While The Second Used The University Of Washington (Uw) Scheme (Hereafter Referred To As Uw). The Results Displayed In This Study Are An Average Of The Three Simulations. During The Jjas Rainy Season, With Respect To Gpcp, Both Models Overestimated Total Rainfall In The Orographic Regions. The Uw Experiment Represented Total Rainfall Fairly Well Compared To Its Counterpart, Hol. Both Models Reproduced Convective Rainfall Well, With A Relatively Weak Dry Bias Over The Guinean Coast Subregion. Globally, Uw Performed Better Than Hol In Simulating Precipitation. The Pattern Of Near-Surface Temperature In Both Models Was Well Reproduced With A Higher Bias With Hol Than With Uw. Indeed, The Uw Scheme Led To A Cooling Effect Owing To The Reduction In Eddy Heat Diffusivity In The Lower Troposphere Contributing To Reduce The Bias. As A Consequence, The Height Of The Planetary Boundary Layer (Pbl) Was Best Simulated Using The Uw Scheme But Was Underestimated Compared To Era5, While Using The Hol Scheme Failed To Capture The Height Of The Pbl. This Is Coherent With The Distribution Of Total Cloud Cover, Which Was Better Simulated With The Uw Scheme Compared To The Hol Scheme. This Study Shows That Use Of Both Planetary Boundary Parameterizations Leads To A Good Simulation Of Most Of The Climatological Characteristics Of The West African Region. Nevertheless, Use Of The Uw Scheme Contributes To A Better Performance Than Use Of The Hol Scheme, And The Differentiation Between The Two Schemes Is Significant Along The Guinea Coast And In Orographic Regions. In These Topographically Complex Regions, Uw Appears To Be More Appropriate Than Hol. This Study Emphasizes The Importance Of Planetary Boundary Parameterizations For Accurately Simulating Climate Variables And For Improving Climate Forecasts And Projections In West Africa.
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2023 |
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Aidara, M., Fam, P., Danso, D., Mortey, E., Mbaye, A., Ndiaye, M., et al. (2023). Contribution To The Building Of A Weather Information Service For Solar Panel Cleaning Operations At Diass Plant (Senegal, Western Sahel). Open Geosciences, 151(1).
Abstract: The Accumulation Of Dust On The Surface Of Solar Panels Reduces The Amount Of Sunlight Reaching The Solar Cells And Results In A Decrease In Panel Performance. To Avoid This Loss Of Production And Thus, To Improve The Performance Capacity, Solar Panels Must Be Cleaned Frequently. The West African Region Is Well Known For Its High Solar Energy Potential. However, This Potential Can Be Reduced By The High Occurrence Of Dust Storms During The Year. This Article Aims To Provide A Contribution To The Construction Of A Meteorological Information Service For Solar Panel Cleaning Operations At Diass Solar Plant In Senegal (Western Sahel). It Is Based On A Full Year In Situ Experiment Comparing The Power Loss Due To Dust Between Solar Panels Cleaned At Different Frequencies And Those Not Cleaned. The Model To Determine The Cleaning Frequencies Is Based On The Deposition Rate Of Airborne Particles, The Concentration Of Airborne Particles, And The Density Of The Dust That Has A Major Impact On The Power Loss. Cleaning Frequencies Are Presented At Seasonal Scale Because In The Study Area, Dust Episodes Differ According To The Seasons. A Cost-Benefit Analysis Is Also Performed To Demonstrate The Advantage Of Using Weather Information Service To Support The Dust Cleaning Operations At Diass Plant. As Results, It Is Found That Cleaning Every 3 Weeks Is Required During The Dry Seasons, December-January-February And March-April-May. During The Rainy Season, Cleaning Every 5 Weeks Is Recommended In June-July-August, While In September-October-November Cleaning Every 4 Weeks Is Sufficient To Maintain An Optimal Performance Of The Solar Panel. The Total Costs Of Cleaning Operations Based On These Results Are Reduced Compared To The Current Costs Of Cleaning And The Benefits Are Much Higher Than Without Cleaning Action.
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Arik, A., Chionne, D., Renou, Y., Brochet, A., Blanchet, J., Kharbouche, M., et al. (2023). The Limits Of Scalability: Uncovering Friction Between Levels Of Flood Risk Governance In The French Alps. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction, 979.
Abstract: Flood Risk Governance Can Be A Source Of Tension Between Different Government Actors And Citizens Across Spatial Scales. In This Context, We Consider The Hydro-Social Contract (Hsc) As A Framework To Understand The Formal And Informal Societal Constructs That Aid Or Impede Effectiveness In Managing Flood Risk. Specifically, We Used Q-Methodology To Understand Different Perspectives Of Flood Risk Governance And Identify Points Of Friction In Executing The Hsc. We Interviewed 62 Flood Risk Management Actors From Small Municipalities (Intra-Watershed) To Regional State Agencies (Inter-Basin) In The Isere River Basin Of France, From Which Three Perspectives Emerged. Most Participants Correlated To A Perspective Reaffirming A Commitment To Integrated And Holistic Approaches In Flood Risk Management. However, The Second And Third Perspectives Illustrate A Governance Gap Due To An Upward Transfer Of Risk Management Responsibilities To A Broader Watershed Approach. At The Same Time, Municipalities Remain Responsible For Crisis Management In The Advent Of Flooding. Our Findings Bring Into Question The Right Balance Of Scale In Flood Risk Governance, Particularly Regarding Hydrological Boundaries That Are Incongruous With Political Jurisdictions At Multiple Scales.
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Blanchet, J., Blanc, A., Boulard, J., & Creutin, J. (2023). Will Future Southwestern Europe Large-Scale Circulations Resemble Past Circulations? A Focus On The Circulations Driving Extreme Precipitation In The Northern French Alps. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, . |
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Bodjrenou, R., Cohard, J., Hector, B., Lawin, E., Chagnaud, G., Danso, D., et al. (2023). Evaluation Of Reanalysis Estimates Of Precipitation, Radiation, And Temperature Over Benin (West Africa). Journal Of Applied Meteorology And Climatology, 626(8), 1005–1022.
Abstract: In West Africa, Climatic Data Issues, Especially Availability And Quality, Remain A Significant Constraint To The Development And Application Of Distributed Hydrological Modeling. As Alternatives To Ground-Based Observations, Reanaly-Sis Products Have Received Increasing Attention In Recent Years. This Study Aims To Evaluate Three Reanalysis Products, Namely, Era5, Water And Global Change (Watch) Forcing Data (Wfd) Era5 (Wfde5), And Merra-2, From 1981 To 2019 To Determine Their Ability To Represent Four Hydrological Climates Variables Over A Range Of Space And Time Scales In Benin. The Variables From The Reanalysis Products Are Compared With Point Station Databased Metrics Kling-Gupta Effi- Ciency (Kge), Mean Absolute Error (Mae), Correlation, And Relative Error In Precipitation Annual (Repa). The Results Show That Era5 Presents A Better Correlation For Annual Mean Temperature (Between 0.74 And 0.90) Than Do Wfde5 (0.63-0.78) And Merra-2 (0.25-0.65). Both Era5 And Wfde5 Are Able To Reproduce The Observed Upward Trend Of Tem-Perature (0.2 & Deg;C Decade -1) In The Region. We Noted A Systematic Cold Bias Of -1.3 & Deg;C In All Reanalyses Except Wfde5 (-0.1 & Deg;C). On The Monthly Time Scale, The Temperature Of The Region Is Better Reproduced By Era5 And Wfde5 (Kge & Ge; 0.80) Than By Merra-2 (Kge , 0.5). At All Time Scales, Wfde5 Produces The Best Mae Scores For Longwave (Lw) And Shortwave (Sw) Radiation, Followed By Era5. Wfde5 Also Provides The Best Estimates For The Annual Precipitation (Repa 2 ]-25, 25[ And Kge & Ge; 50% At Most Stations). Era5 Produces Similar Results, But Merra-2 Performs Poorly In All The Metrics. In Addition, Era5 And Wfde5 Reproduce The Bimodal Rainfall Regime In Southern Benin, Unlike Merra-2, But All Products Have Too Many Small Rainfall Events.
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Chahinian, N., Alcoba, M., Dembele, N., Cazenave, F., & Bouvier, C. (2023). Evaluation Of An Early Flood Warning System In Bamako (Mali): Lessons Learned From The Flood Of May 2019. Journal Of Flood Risk Management, .
Abstract: Devastating Floods Have Plagued Many West African Cities In The Past Decades. In An Attempt To Reduce Flood Damage In Bamako (Mali), An Early Warning System (Ews) Demonstrator (Raincell App) Was Developed For Flash Floods. On 16 May 2019, While The Demonstrator Was Partially Operational, An Intense Rainfall Event Led To Devastating Floods. We Carried Out An Experience Feedback On This Flood Event By Comparing Ews Simulations To The Results Of A Field Survey. Given The Synoptic Situation And The Rapid Development Pattern Of The Storm, None Of The Global Forecasting Systems Were Able To Foresee Its Occurrence And Magnitude. The Hydrological Model Developed As Part Of The Demonstrator Correctly Identified Most Of The Locations Where Overbank Flow Occurred. In The Absence Of Data, The Predicted Discharge And Volume Values Could Not Be Validated. However, They Are Realistic Based On The Water Levels Reported In The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Report. It Would Be Advisable To Couple It To A Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Model And Add Discharge And Water Level Monitoring To The Already Existing Rainfall Surveillance Scheme To Further Improve The System'S Performance. Increasing The Local Population'S Awareness Of The Dangers Of Clogged Waterways Is Also Mandatory.
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Didi, S., Diakhate, M., & Diedhiou, A. (2023). Changes In The West Africa Monsoon Precipitation Extremes During Enso Developing Phases. Atmosphere-Ocean, .
Abstract: A 37-Year Record Of Rainfall Gridded Data Covering West Africa And A Global Sea Surface Temperature (Sst) Dataset Are Used To Investigate The Remote Influence Of Sst Anomalies In The Equatorial Pacific On The Interannual Variability Of West Africa'S Extreme Rainfall Indices Over The Period 1981-2018. The Top Five (5) Years With The Strongest And Weakest Peak Of Nino3.4 Sst Monthly Anomalies Are Selected, And May-To-September (Mjjas) Composite Anomalies Of The Total And Extreme Rainfall Indices Are Performed. Results Reveal That Equatorial Pacific Sst'S Impacts On Daily Rainfall Intensity Are Generally More Robust Than That On Their Frequency. The Significant Changes In The Mean Zonal Atmospheric Circulation Associated With The Sst Lead To Significant Dynamic And Thermodynamic Changes That Affect The West African Monsoon System Locally. During El Nino (La Nina) Years, (I) A Weakening (Strengthening) Of The Tropical Easterly Jet (Tej), (Ii) A Strengthening (Weakening), And Southward (Northward) Shift Position Of The African Easterly Jet (Aej), And (Iii) A Decrease (Increase) Of The Monsoon Flow Are Noted. These Changes In The Atmospheric Circulation Prevent (Encourage) A Supply Of Moisture, Resulting In A Reduction (Increase) In Extreme Precipitation Observed Across West Africa. Equatorial Eastern Pacific Warming (Cooling) Is Also Shown To Lead To Stable (Unstable) Atmospheric Conditions Over West Africa That Block (Generate) The Development Of Convective Systems.
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Fotso-Nguemo, T., Weber, T., Diedhiou, A., Chouto, S., Vondou, D., Rechid, D., et al. (2023). Projected Impact Of Increased Global Warming On Heat Stress And Exposed Population Over Africa. Earths Future, . |
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Gaetani, M., Ceglar, A., Diedhiou, A., Jerez, S., Rodriguez-Fonseca, B., & Sultan, B. (2023). Editorial: (10 Years) Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Impact Of Climate Variability And Change On The Water-Energy-Food Nexus. Frontiers In Climate, . |
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Haruna, A., Blanchet, J., & Favre, A. (2023). Modeling Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves For The Whole Range Of Non-Zero Precipitation: A Comparison Of Models. Water Resources Research, . |
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Konate, D., Didi, S., Dje, K., Diedhiou, A., Kouassi, K., Kamagate, B., et al. (2023). Observed Changes In Rainfall And Characteristics Of Extreme Events In Cote D'Ivoire (West Africa). Hydrology, . |
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Kondi-Akara, G., Hingray, B., Francois, B., & Diedhiou, A. (2023). Recent Trends In Urban Electricity Consumption For Cooling In West And Central African Countries. Energy, . |
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Langue, C., Lavaysse, C., Vrac, M., & Flamant, C. (2023). Heat Wave Monitoring Over West African Cities: Uncertainties, Characterization And Recent Trends. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 232(4), 1313–1333.
Abstract: Heat Waves Can Be One Of The Most Dangerous Climatic Hazards Affecting The Planet, Having Dramatic Impacts On The Health Of Humans And Natural Ecosystems As Well As On Anthropogenic Activities, Infrastructures And Economy. Based On Climatic Conditions In West Africa, The Urban Centres Of The Region Appear To Be Vulnerable To Heat Waves. The Goals Of This Work Are Firstly To Assess The Potential Uncertainties Encountered In Heat Wave Detection And Secondly To Analyse Their Recent Trend In West Africa Cities During The Period 1993-2020. This Is Done Using Two State-Of-The-Art Reanalysis Products, Namely The Fifth-Generation European Centre For Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (Ecmwf) Reanalysis (Era5) And Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis For Research And Applications (Merra), As Well As Two Local Station Datasets, Namely Dakar-Yoff In Senegal And Aeroport Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, In Cote D'Ivoire. An Estimate Of Station Data From Reanalyses Is Processed Using An Interpolation Technique: The Nearest Neighbour To The Station With A Land Sea Mask = 0.5. The Interpolated Temperatures From Local Stations In Dakar And Abidjan Show Slightly Better Correlation With Era5 Than With Merra. Three Types Of Uncertainty Are Discussed: The First Type Of Uncertainty Is Related To The Reanalyses Themselves, The Second Is Related To The Sensitivity Of Heat Wave Frequency And Duration To The Threshold Values Used To Monitor Them, And The Last One Is Linked To The Choice Of Indicators And The Methodology Used To Define Heat Waves. Three Sorts Of Heat Wave Have Been Analysed, Namely Those Occurring During Daytime, Nighttime, And Both Daytime And Nighttime Concomitantly. Four Indicators Have Been Used To Analyse Heat Waves Based On 2 M Temperature, Humidity, 10 M Wind Or A Combination Of These. We Found That Humidity Plays An Important Role In Nighttime Events; Concomitant Events Detected With Wet-Bulb Temperature Are More Frequent And Located Over The Northern Sahel. Strong And More Persistent Heat Waves Are Found In The Continental (Cont) Region. For All Indicators, We Identified 6 Years With A Significantly Higher Frequency Of Events (1998, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019 And 2020), Possibly Due To Higher Sea Surface Temperatures In The Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Corresponding To El Nino Events For Some Years. A Significant Increase In The Frequency, Duration And Intensity Of Heat Waves In The Cities Has Been Observed During The Last Decade (2012-2020); This Is Thought To Be A Consequence Of Climate Change Acting On Extreme Events.
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Lavorel, S., Anquetin, S., & Buclet, N. (2023). Trajectories Of Socio-Ecological Change In Mountains. Regional Environmental Change, . |
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Le Roux, E., Evin, G., Samacoïts, R., Eckert, N., Blanchet, J., & Morin, S. (2023). Projection Of Snowfall Extremes In The French Alps As A Function Of Elevation And Global Warming Level. Cryosphere, 171(111), 4691–4704.
Abstract: Following The Projected Increase In Extreme Precipitation, An Increase In Extreme Snowfall May Be Expected In Cold Regions, E.G., For High Latitudes Or At High Elevations. By Contrast, In Low- To Medium-Elevation Areas, The Probability Of Experiencing Rainfall Instead Of Snowfall Is Generally Projected To Increase Due To Warming Conditions. Yet, In Mountainous Areas, Despite The Likely Existence Of These Contrasted Trends According To Elevation, Changes In Extreme Snowfall With Warming Remain Poorly Quantified. This Paper Assesses Projected Changes In Heavy And Extreme Snowfall, I.E., In Mean Annual Maxima And 100-Year Return Levels, In The French Alps As A Function Of Elevation And Global Warming Level. We Apply A Recent Methodology, Based On The Analysis Of Annual Maxima With Non-Stationary Extreme Value Models, To An Ensemble Of 20 Adjusted General Circulation Model-Regional Climate Model (Gcm-Rcm) Pairs From The Euro-Cordex Experiment Under The Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (Rcp8.5) Scenario. For Each Of The 23 Massifs Of The French Alps, Maxima In The Hydrological Sense (1 August To 31 July) Are Provided From 1951 To 2100 And Every 300 M Of Elevations Between 900 And 3600 M. Results Rely On Relative Or Absolute Changes Computed With Respect To Current Climate Conditions (Corresponding Here To + 1 Circle C Global Warming Level) At The Massif Scale And Averaged Over All Massifs. Overall, Daily Mean Annual Maxima Of Snowfall Are Projected To Decrease Below 3000 M And Increase Above 3600 M, While 100-Year Return Levels Are Projected To Decrease Below 2400 M And Increase Above 3300 M. At Elevations In Between, Values Are On Average Projected To Increase Until + 3 Circle C Of Global Warming And Then Decrease. At + 4 Circle C, Average Relative Changes In Mean Annual Maxima And 100-Year Return Levels, Respectively, Vary From – 26 % And – 15 % At 900 M To + 3 % And + 8 % At 3600 M. Finally, For Each Global Warming Level Between + 1.5 And + 4 Circle C, We Compute The Elevation Threshold That Separates Contrasted Trends, I.E., Where The Average Relative Change Equals Zero. This Elevation Threshold Is Shown To Be Lower For Higher Return Periods, And It Is Projected To Rise From 3000 M At + 1.5 Circle C To 3350 M At + 4 Circle C For Mean Annual Maxima And From 2600 To 3000 M For 100-Year Return Levels. These Results Have Implications For The Management Of Risks Related To Extreme Snowfall.
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Maloku, K., Hingray, B., & Evin, G. (2023). Accounting For Precipitation Asymmetry In A Multiplicative Random Cascade Disaggregation Model. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 272(202), 3643–3661.
Abstract: Analytical Multiplicative Random Cascades (Mrcs) Are Widely Used For The Temporal Disaggregation Of Coarse-Resolution Precipitation Time Series. This Class Of Models Applies Scaling Models To Represent The Dependence Of The Cascade Generator On The Temporal Scale And The Precipitation Intensity. Although Determinant, The Dependence On The External Precipitation Pattern Is Usually Disregarded In The Analytical Scaling Models. Our Work Presents A Unified Mrc Modelling Framework That Allows The Cascade Generator To Depend In A Continuous Way On The Temporal Scale, Precipitation Intensity And A So-Called Precipitation Asymmetry Index.Different Mrc Configurations Are Compared For 81 Locations In Switzerland With Contrasted Climates. The Added Value Of The Dependence Of The Mrc On The Temporal Scale Appears To Be Unclear, Unlike What Was Suggested In Previous Works. Introducing The Precipitation Asymmetry Dependence Into The Model Leads To A Drastic Improvement In Model Performance For All Statistics Related To Precipitation Temporal Persistence (Wet-Dry Transition Probabilities, Lag-N Autocorrelation Coefficients, Lengths Of Dry-Wet Spells). Accounting For Precipitation Asymmetry Seems To Solve This Important Limitation Of Previous Mrcs.The Model Configuration That Only Accounts For The Dependence On Precipitation Intensity And Asymmetry Is Highly Parsimonious, With Only Five Parameters, And Provides Adequate Performances For All Locations, Seasons And Temporal Resolutions. The Spatial Coherency Of The Parameter Estimates Indicates A Real Potential For Regionalisation And For Further Application To Any Location In Switzerland.
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Milojevic, T., Blanchet, J., & Lehning, M. (2023). Determining Return Levels Of Extreme Daily Precipitation, Reservoir Inflow, And Dry Spells. Frontiers In Water, 5.
Abstract: Return Level Calculations Are Widely Used To Determine The Risks That Extreme Events May Pose To Infrastructure, Including Hydropower Site Operations. Extreme Events (E.G., Extreme Precipitation And Droughts) Are Expected To Increase In Frequency And Intensity In The Future, But Not Necessarily In A Homogenous Way Across Regions. This Makes Localized Assessment Important For Understanding Risk Changes To Specific Sites. However, For Sites With Relatively Small Datasets, Selecting An Applicable Method For Return Level Calculations Is Not Straightforward. This Study Focuses On The Application Of Traditional Univariate Extreme Value Approaches (Generalized Extreme Value And Generalized Pareto) As Well As Two More Recent Approaches (Extended Generalized Pareto And Metastatistical Extreme Value Distributions), That Are Specifically Suited For Application To Small Datasets. These Methods Are Used To Calculate Return Levels Of Extreme Precipitation At Six Alpine Stations And High Reservoir Inflow Events For A Hydropower Reservoir. In Addition, Return Levels Of Meteorological Drought And Low Inflow Periods (Dry Spells) Are Determined Using A Non-Parametric Approach. Return Levels For Return Periods Of 10- And 20- Years Were Calculated Using 10-, 20-, And 40- Years Of Data For Each Method. The Results Show That Even Shorter Timeseries Can Give Similar Return Levels As Longer Timeseries For Most Methods. However, The Gev Has Greater Sensitivity To Sparse Data And Tended To Give Lower Estimates For Precipitation Return Levels. The Mev Is Only To Be Preferred Over Gpd If The Underlying Distribution Fits The Data Well. The Result Is Used To Assemble A Profile Of 10- And 20-Year Return Levels Estimated With Various Statistical Approaches, For Extreme High Precipitation/Inflow And Low Precipitation/Inflow Events. The Findings Of The Study May Be Helpful To Researchers And Practitioners Alike In Deciding Which Statistical Approach To Use To Assess Local Extreme Precipitation And Inflow Risks To Individual Reservoirs.
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Obahoundje, S., Nguessan-Bi, V., Diedhiou, A., Kravitz, B., & Moore, J. (2023). Implication Of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering On Compound Precipitation And Temperature Extremes In Africa. Science Of The Total Environment, 8638.
Abstract: Three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (Cmip5) Models That Simulated The G4 Experiment Of The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (Geomip) Were Used To Investigate The Impact Of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (Sai) On Combined Temperature And Precipitation Extremes In Africa That Can Have Greater Negative Impacts On Human And The Environment Than Individual Rainfall Or Temperature Extremes. The Examined Compound Extremes Included The Dry (R-Warm Vertical Bar Dry And R-Cold Vertical Bar Dry) And Wet (R-Warm Vertical Bar Wet And R-Cold Vertical Bar Wet) Modes Assessed During The Injection (Sai, 2050-2069) And Post-Injection (Postsai, 2070-2089) Periods Compared With The Historical Period (1986-2005). We Found A Significant Projected Change In The Occurrence Of Both Wet And Dry Modes During Sai And Postsai Related To The Historical Period. The Magnitude And Sign Of This Change Depend On The Season And The Geographical Location. During The Sai And Postsai, The Wet (R-Warm Vertical Bar Wet And R-Cold Vertical Bar Wet) Modes Are Projected To Be Significantly Lower While The Dry Modes Are Noted To Increase In A Large Part Of African Continent Depending On The Season And The Geographical Location And May Consequently Leads To An Increase Of The Droughts Prone Areas. The Termination Effect Is Noted To Reduce The Occurrence Of Dry Modes, Which May Reduce The Potential Negative Effects Of The Injection After Halting. As The Effect May Vary From One Region To Another And According To The Season, It Suggested Assessing The Key Sector Impacts Of Sai. Thus, This Change In Dry Modes Due To Sai Could Affect All Activities Which Depend On Water Resources Such As Water Supply, Agriculture And Food Production, Energy Demand, And Production With Adverse Effects On Health, Security, And Sustainable Development, But This Needs To Be Assessed And Quantified At Regional Scales.
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Pimentel, R., Arheimer, B., Crochemore, L., Andersson, J., Pechlivanidis, I., & Gustafsson, D. (2023). Which Potential Evapotranspiration Formula To Use In Hydrological Modeling World-Wide? Water Resources Research, . |
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Pimentel, R., Crochemore, L., Andersson, J., & Arheimer, B. (2023). Assessing Robustness In Global Hydrological Predictions By Comparing Modelling And Earth Observations. Hydrological Sciences Journal, .
Abstract: Hydrological Modelling To Support Hypotheses On Earth System Boundaries Or The Accelerating Water Crisis Is Nowadays Done At The Global Scale, With Difficulties Associated To Model Uncertainties. Here We Bring A Robustness Analysis Of Internal Model Variables As An Additional Tool For Model Evaluation Using Data From Six Earth Observation Products And The Global Catchment Model World-Wide Hype In A Comparative Study. The Assessment Shows That: (I) Variables Have High Agreement In Mid-Latitude Temperate Regions; (Ii) The Variables With Higher Agreement, And Associated With Good Model Performance In Streamflow, Were Actual Evapotranspiration, Fractional Snow Cover And Snow Water Equivalent; And (Iii) Changes In Total Water Storage Showed Very Poor Agreement, Probably Due To An Insufficient Number Of Aquifers In The Model Set-Up. We Propose This Procedure As A Standard Complementary Method In Global Hydrological Modelling, Highlighting The Importance Of Justifying Models Before Using Them For Scenario Analysis Or Water Accounting.
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Tall, M., Sylla, M., Dajuma, A., Almazroui, M., Houteta, D., Klutse, N., et al. (2023). Drought Variability, Changes And Hot Spots Across The African Continent During The Historical Period (1928-2017). International Journal Of Climatology, .
Abstract: The Spatiotemporal Variability Of Meteorological Droughts, Its Changes And Hot Spots Location Across Africa Are Analysed For The Period Spanning 1928-2017 Using The Standardized Precipitation Index (Spi) Applied To The Precipitation Products From The Climatic Research Unit (Cru), University Of Delaware (Udel) And Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (Gpcc). Spatially, An Analysis Based On Rotational Empirical Orthogonal Function Identifies Five Regions Of Similar Drought Variability, Namely The Sahel, East Africa, East Southern Africa, West Southern Africa And The Gulf Of Guinea. Temporally, The Most Common Periods Of Drought Occurrence Are The 1970S, The 1980S And, To A Lesser Extent, The 1990S. Changes In Drought Characteristics For The Intermediate Past (1958-1987) And Recent Past (1988-2017) Compared To The Far Past (1928-1957) Indicate Robust Increases Of Drought Duration, Frequency And Severity In The Sahel, And To A Lower Extent In The Gulf Of Guinea, Some Areas Of Central Africa, Part Of Southern Africa And Over Madagascar. These Changes Are Stronger (Weaker) Along The Sahel During The Intermediate Past (Recent Past) And Stronger (Weaker) Over Central And Southern Africa And Madagascar During The Recent Past (Intermediate Past). As A Consequence, Drought Hot Spots, Mostly Driven By Severity During The Regions' Wet Season, Are Identified In Areas Confined In The Sahel During The Intermediate Past And In Regions Mainly Over Central And Southern Africa And Madagascar During The Recent Past. Our Results Are Useful For Drought Disaster Risk Management Across Africa And Provide A Valuable Reference For Future Drought Analysis Under Global Warming Conditions.
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2022 |
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Ackerer, J., Van Der Woerd, J., Meriaux, A., Ranchoux, C., Schafer, G., Delay, F., et al. (2022). Quantifying Geomorphological Evolution From Be-10 Denudation Rates: Insights From High-Resolution Depth Profiles, Topsoils, And Stream Sediments (Strengbach Czo, France). Earth Surface Processes And Landforms, .
Abstract: A Rare Dataset Of In-Situ Be-10 From High-Resolution Depth Profiles, Soils, Rock Outcrops, And Stream Sediments Is Combined With Geochemical Analysis And Modelling Of Regolith Evolution To Understand The Variability Of Denudation Rates In A Mountain Watershed (Strengbach Critical Zone Observatory). High-Resolution Depth Profiles Are Key To Detect The Presence Of Mobile Regolith And To Highlight How It Affects The Critical Zone Evolution. The Modelling Of Regolith Evolution And Be-10 Concentrations Along Depth Profiles Allow Us To Estimate Both The Cosmic Ray Exposure Age (19 Kyr) And The Mean Denudation Rate (22 Mm Kyr(-1)) Of The Regolith Without Any Steady-State Assumption On Be-10 Concentrations. Comparison With Maximum Denudation Rates Inferred From Topsoil Samples Collected From The Surface Of The Depth Profiles And Calculated Using The Temporal Steady-State Assumption Of Be-10 Concentrations Highlights An Overestimation Of Denudation By A Factor Of Two. Maximum Spatially Averaged Denudation Rates Determined From Stream Sediment Samples Also Likely Overestimate Denudation Rates By A Factor Of Two. These Biases Are Significant For Investigating The Geomorphological Evolution And We Propose A Method To Correct Denudation Rates Using The Inherited Be-10 Concentrations And The Cosmic Ray Exposure Age Deduced From The High-Resolution Depth Profiles. A Key Result Is Also That A Steady State Of Be-10 Concentrations And A Steady State Of Regolith Thickness Are Two Different Equilibrium States That Do Not Necessarily Coincide. The Comparison Between Locally Corrected And Spatially Averaged Denudation Rates Indicates That The Watershed Geomorphology Is Not In A Topographic Steady State But Is Modulated By Regressive Fluvial Erosion. Nonetheless, Our Study Demonstrates That Even In A Watershed Where The Steady-State Assumption Of Be-10 Concentrations Is Not Verified, The Spatial Variations Of In-Situ Be-10 Concentrations In Sediments Still Carry Qualitatively Relevant Information On The Geomorphological Evolution Of Landscapes.
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Bakker, M., Legout, C., Gimbert, F., Nord, G., Boudevillain, B., & Freche, G. (2022). Seismic Modelling And Observations Of Rainfall. Journal Of Hydrology, 6106.
Abstract: Rainfall is a key driver of geomorphological processes ranging from impacting drops that lead to the small-scale dislodgement of soil particles to large-scale morphogenic floods and rainfall-induced hillslope processes. Although rainfall has been identified in seismic records, the associated power spectral density and its quantitative relation to the underlying physical processes have not yet been studied. Here, we analyze nearly 2 years of combined seismic and optical disdrometer measurements, where the latter enables the drop-based quantification of rainfall physical properties. Our measurements confirm the broadband observation of ground velocity power spectral density due to rainfall, allowing the seismic identification of rainfall at intensities as low as 1 mm/h. Seismic power, P, shows a power-law scaling with rainfall intensity, I, and kinetic energy, E: P proportional to I-2.1 and P proportional to E-1.6. The observed scaling relations are consistent between the three monitored sites although there are absolute differences in seismic power of about 1 order of magnitude, which are likely due to variability in landcover and subsurface seismic properties. With a physical model, we demonstrate that the observed power-law relations are set by an underlying linear relation between seismic power and rainfall impulse power, and that the associated exponent values of I and E are due to the covariance of the raindrop size distribution with the total number of drops. The largest raindrop fractions, whose relative contribution increases with rainfall intensity, dominate the seismic signal where, in our case, 90% of the seismic power is attributed to drops larger than 3 mm. Using our model, we estimate the contributing area of rainfall to seismic observations to be within a radial distance of -5-25 m. The spatially integrated nature of the seismic measurements and their sensitivity to large raindrops, which control the disaggregation and the mobilization of soil particles, make seismic records well-suited for the investigation of soil erosion processes. More generally, our work provides a basis for the temporally-resolved seismic quantification of rainfall that drives the dynamics of various hydro-geomorphological processes.
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Bakker, M., Legout, C., Gimbert, F., Nord, G., Boudevillain, B., & Freche, G. (2022). Seismic Modelling And Observations Of Rainfall. Journal Of Hydrology, 6106.
Abstract: Rainfall is a key driver of geomorphological processes ranging from impacting drops that lead to the small-scale dislodgement of soil particles to large-scale morphogenic floods and rainfall-induced hillslope processes. Although rainfall has been identified in seismic records, the associated power spectral density and its quantitative relation to the underlying physical processes have not yet been studied. Here, we analyze nearly 2 years of combined seismic and optical disdrometer measurements, where the latter enables the drop-based quantification of rainfall physical properties. Our measurements confirm the broadband observation of ground velocity power spectral density due to rainfall, allowing the seismic identification of rainfall at intensities as low as 1 mm/h. Seismic power, P, shows a power-law scaling with rainfall intensity, I, and kinetic energy, E: P proportional to I-2.1 and P proportional to E-1.6. The observed scaling relations are consistent between the three monitored sites although there are absolute differences in seismic power of about 1 order of magnitude, which are likely due to variability in landcover and subsurface seismic properties. With a physical model, we demonstrate that the observed power-law relations are set by an underlying linear relation between seismic power and rainfall impulse power, and that the associated exponent values of I and E are due to the covariance of the raindrop size distribution with the total number of drops. The largest raindrop fractions, whose relative contribution increases with rainfall intensity, dominate the seismic signal where, in our case, 90% of the seismic power is attributed to drops larger than 3 mm. Using our model, we estimate the contributing area of rainfall to seismic observations to be within a radial distance of -5-25 m. The spatially integrated nature of the seismic measurements and their sensitivity to large raindrops, which control the disaggregation and the mobilization of soil particles, make seismic records well-suited for the investigation of soil erosion processes. More generally, our work provides a basis for the temporally-resolved seismic quantification of rainfall that drives the dynamics of various hydro-geomorphological processes.
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Baladima, F., Thomas, J. L., Voisin, D., Dumont, M., Junquas, C., Kumar, R., et al. (2022). Modeling An Extreme Dust Deposition Event To The French Alpine Seasonal Snowpack in April 2018: Meteorological Context and Predictions of Dust Deposition. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 1271(8).
Abstract: Mineral dust is an important aerosol in the atmosphere and is known to reduce snow albedo upon deposition. Model predictions of dust deposition events in snow covered mountain regions are challenging due to the complexity of aerosol-cloud interactions and the specifics of mountain meteorological systems. We use a case study of dust deposition between 30 March and 5 April 2018 to the French alpine snowpack to study the processes that control dust deposition to the seasonal snowpack. To understand processes controlling dust transport and deposition to snow, we use a combination of in situ observations at Col du Lautaret in the French Alps, satellite remote sensing, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis global atmospheric composition, and the regional model WRF-Chem. Specifically, we investigate the role of increased model spatial resolution within WRF-Chem in capturing mountain meteorology, precipitation, and predicted dust deposition. Regional model results are also compared to the reanalysis global CAMS products including aerosols in the atmosphere and predicted dust deposition fluxes. We conclude that predicted mountain meteorology (e.g., precipitation) is better with increased model resolution (3 x 3 km resolution WRF-Chem domain). This improved meteorology has significant impacts on predicted dry and wet dust deposition to the alpine snowpack. Dry deposition is important in the western part of the French Alps at low altitudes, while wet deposition dominates over the complex higher altitude mountain terrain.
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Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. D. (2022). Instrumental Agreement And Retrospective Analysis Of Trends In precipitation extremes in the French Mediterranean Region. Environmental Research Letters, 171(7).
Abstract: In this letter we show the emergence of an agreement between the instruments of a rain-gauge network to point toward a positive trend in daily precipitation extremes since 1960 in the French Mediterranean Region. We identify for each gauge the time varying parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution of annual maximum precipitation over incremental time-windows. These distributions provide for each station of the network a trend assessment over a chosen period that can be interpreted for instance as a trend of the mean or as the trend of a chosen quantile. The incremental window, i.e. a window containing the series of data available at a given date, mimics the annual assessment of the trends that could have been made through time. Each year we thus have one trend per gauge that we can look in distribution through the network in order to assess the level of consensus among instruments. We show how the increasing size of the datasets used over a period of possible climate non-stationarity progressively leads from a dissensus anarchically pointing to no trend (before the 2000s) to a consensus where a majority of gauges points toward a positive trend (after the 2000s). The detected trend in this Mediterranean Region is quite substantial. For instance the 20 year return period precipitation in 1960 turns out to become a 8 year return period precipitation in 2020. Using a simulation basis we try to characterize the effect of decadal variability that is quite readable in the consensus evolution. The proposed metrics is thought to be a good candidate for the assessment of the local time and rate of emergence of climate change that has important implications in regards to adaptation of human and natural systems.
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Boisson, E., Wilhelm, B., Garnier, E., Melo, A., Anquetin, S., & Ruin, I. (2022). Geo-historical database of flood impacts in Alpine catchments (HIFAVa database, Arve River, France, 1850-2015). Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 222(3), 831–847.
Abstract: In France, flooding is the most common and damaging natural hazard (CCR, 2021). Global warming is expected to exacerbate flood risk and could be more pronounced in the European Alps which are experiencing a high warming rate, likely to lead to heavier rainfall events. Alpine valleys are densely populated, potentially increasing exposure and vulnerability to flood hazard. The study of historical records is highly relevant to understand long-term flood occurrence and related socio-economic impacts in relation to changes in the flood risk components (i.e. hazard, exposure and vulnerability). To this aim we introduce the newly constituted database of Historical Impacts of Floods in the Arve Valley (HIFAVa) located in the French northern Alps starting in 1850. This quite unique database reports historical impacts related to impact events occurrences in a well-documented Alpine catchment that encompasses both hydrological and socio-economical diversity. After a complete description of the database (collection, content and structure), we explore the distribution of the recorded impacts with respect to their characteristics and evolution in both time and space. The analysis reveals that small mountain streams and particularly glacial streams caused more impacts (67 %) than the main river. While an increase in heavy rainfall and ice melt are expected to enhance flood hazard in small Alpine catchments, this finding calls for greater attention to flood risk assessment and management in small catchments. The analysis also reveals an increasing occurrence of impacts from 1920 onwards, for which possible factors are discussed. Further work is, however, needed to conclude on the respective contribution of the source effect, the increase in flood hazard, or the exposure of goods and people.
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Camara, M., Diba, I., & Diedhiou, A. (2022). Effects of Land Cover Changes on Compound Extremes over West Africa Using the Regional Climate Model RegCM4. Atmosphere, 131(3).
Abstract: This study aims to characterize the impacts of the Sahel-Sahara interface reforestation on compound extremes in the Sahel region during the West African monsoon season (June-July-August-September, JJAS). For this purpose, we performed a simulation with the standard version of the RegCM4 model, and another simulation with the altered version of the same model, taking into account the incorporated forest. Results show that reforestation may strongly influence the frequency of individual extreme events (dry and warm days) by decreasing them over and off the reforested zone. The reduction in these extreme dry and warm days may be due partly to the strengthening of the atmospheric moisture content over most parts of the West African domain and the weakening of the sensible heat flux south of 16 degrees N. The analysis also shows an increase in extreme wet days over and off the reforested zone, which could be associated partly with the strengthening of evapotranspiration over most parts of the West African domain, including the reforested area. The analysis of compound extremes shows a strong occurrence of the compound dry/warm mode over the northern Sahel for both runs, probably due to the weak precipitation recorded in this zone. Both experiments also simulated a strong compound wet/warm mode occurrence over the Sahel due to a high rainfall occurrence over this region. When comparing both runs, the impact of the reforestation was to decrease (increase) the compound extreme dry/warm (wet/warm) mode over the reforested zone. The dry/warm mode decrease is consistent with that of individual extreme dry and warm days, while the compound wet/warm mode increase may be driven by that of the extreme wet days. Finally, when considering the seasonal cycle, the dry/warm mode exhibits a more substantial decrease in the beginning (June-July, JJ) than during the peak of the West African summer monsoon season (August-September, AS). Moreover, reforestation similarly affects the compound wet/warm mode in JJ and AS by increasing it in the reforested region and decreasing it over the Southern Sahel (south of 15 degrees N). This work suggests that reforestation may be a good solution for West African policymakers to mitigate climate change over the region and to develop better strategies for water resource management.
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Chamarande, T., Mathy, S., & Hingray, B. (2022). The Least Cost Design Of 100 % Solar Power Microgrids In Africa: Sensitivity To Meteorological And Economic Drivers And Possibility For Simple Pre- Sizing Rules. Energy For Sustainable Development, 696, 211–223.
Abstract: Autonomous Micro-Grids Based On Solar Photovoltaic (Pv) Are One Of The Most Promising Solutions To Provide Electricity Access In Many Regions Worldwide. Different Storage/Pv Capacities Can Produce The Same Level Of Quality Service, But An Optimal Design Is Typically Identified To Minimize The Levelized Cost Of Electricity. This Cost Optimization However Relies On Technical And Economic Hypothesis That Come With Large Uncertainties And/Or Spatial Disparities. This Article Explores The Sensitivity Of The Optimal Sizing To Variations And Uncertainties Of Such Parameters. Using Data From Heliosat And Era5, We Simulate The Solar Pv Production And Identify The Least Cost Configurations For 200 Locations In Africa. Our Results Show That The Optimal Configuration Is Highly Dependent On The Characteristics Of The Resource, And Especially On Its Co-Variability Structure With The Electric Demand On Different Timescales. It Is Conversely Rather Insensitive To Cost Hypotheses, Which Allow Us To Propose Simple Pre-Sizing Rules Based On The Only Characteristics Of The Solar Resource And Electricity Demand. The Optimal Storage Capacity Can Be Estimated From The 75Th Percentile Of The Daily Nocturnal Demand And The Optimal Pv Capacity From The Mean Demand And The Standard Deviation Of The Daily Power Difference Between Solar Production And Demand. (C) 2022 International Energy Initiative. Published By Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Creutin, J. D., Blanchet, J., Reverdy, A., Brochet, A., Lutoff, C., & Robert, Y. (2022). Reported Occurrence of Multiscale Flooding in an Alpine Conurbation over the Long Run (1850-2019). Water, 141(4).
Abstract: This paper deals with the identification of extreme multiscale flooding events in the Alpine conurbation of Grenoble, France. During such events, typically over one to several days, the organization in space and time of the generating hydrometeorological situation triggers the concurrent reaction of varied sets of torrents and main rivers and creates diverse socioeconomic damages and disruptions. Given the limits of instrumental data over the long run, in particular at the torrent scale, we explore the potential of a database of reported extreme flood events to study multiscale flooding over a Metropolitan domain. The definition of Metropolitan events is mainly based on the database built by the RTM (Restauration des Terrains de Montagne, a technical service of the French Forest Administration). Relying on expert reports, the RTM database covers the long lifetime of this French national service for the management of mountainous areas (1850-2019). It provides quantitative information about the time and place of inundation events as well as qualitative information about the generating phenomena and the consequent damages. The selection process to define Metropolitan events simply chronologically explores the RTM database and complements it with historical research data. It looks for concurrence between site events at the same date under a chosen set of criteria. All scales together, we selected 104 Metropolitan events between 1850 and 2019. Exploring the list of dates, we examine the homogeneity of the Metropolitan events over 1850-2019 and their space-time characteristics. We evidence the existence of multiscale flooding at the Metropolitan scale, and we discuss some implications for flood risk management.
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Danso, D. K., Anquetin, S., Diedhiou, A., Lavaysse, C., Hingray, B., Raynaud, D., et al. (2022). A CMIP6 assessment of the potential climate change impacts on solar photovoltaic energy and its atmospheric drivers in West Africa. Environmental Research Letters, 171(4).
Abstract: Many solar photovoltaic (PV) energy projects are currently being planned and/or developed in West Africa to sustainably bridge the increasing gap between electricity demand and supply. However, climate change will likely affect solar power generation and the atmospheric factors that control it. For the first time, the state-of-the-art CMIP climate models (CMIP6) are used to investigate the potential future evolution of solar power generation and its main atmospheric drivers in West Africa. A multi-model analyses carried out revealed a decrease of solar PV potential throughout West Africa in the 21st century, with an ensemble mean reduction reaching about 12% in southern parts of the region. In addition, the variability of future solar PV production is expected to increase with a higher frequency of lower production periods. The projected changes in the solar PV production and its variability are expected to be predominant in the June to August season. We found the decrease in the solar PV potential to be driven by a decrease of surface irradiance and an increase of near-surface air temperature. However, the decrease of the surface irradiance accounted for a substantially larger percentage of the projected solar PV potential. The decrease in surface irradiance was further linked to changes in both cloud cover and aerosol presence, although generally much more strongly for the former.
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de Lavenne, A., Andreassian, V., Crochemore, L., Lindstrom, G., & Arheimer, B. (2022). Quantifying Multi-Year Hydrological Memory With Catchment Forgetting Curves. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 262(101), 2715–2732.
Abstract: A climatic anomaly can potentially affect the hydrological behaviour of a catchment for several years. This article presents a new approach to quantifying this multi-year hydrological memory, using exclusively streamflow and climate data. Rather than providing a single value of catchment memory, we aim to describe how this memory fades over time. The precipitation-runoff relationship is analyzed through the concept of elasticity. Elasticity quantifies the change in one quantity caused by the change in another quantity. We analyze the elasticity of the relation between the annual anomalies of runoff yield and humidity index. We identify Catchment Forgetting Curves (CFC) to quantify multiyear catchment memory, considering not only the current year's humidity anomaly but also the anomalies of the preceding years. The variability of CFCs is investigated on a set of 158 Swedish and 527 French catchments. As expected, French catchments overlying large aquifers exhibit a long memory, i.e., with the impact of climate anomalies detected over several years. In Sweden, the expected effect of the lakes is less clear. For both countries, a relatively strong relationship between the humidity index and memory is identified, with drier regions exhibiting longer memory. Taking into account the multi-year memory has significantly improved the elasticity analysis for 15 % of the catchments. Our work thus underlines the need to account for catchment memory in order to produce meaningful and geographically coherent elasticity indices.
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Delrieu, G., Khanal, A. K., Cazenave, F., & Boudevillain, B. (2022). Sensitivity Analysis Of Attenuation In Convective Rainfall At X-Band frequency using the mountain reference technique. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 151(111), 3297–3314.
Abstract: The RadAlp experiment aims at improving quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) in the Alps thanks to X-band polarimetric radars and in situ measurements deployed in the region of Grenoble, France. In this article, we revisit the physics of propagation and attenuation of microwaves in rain. We first derive four attenuation-reflectivity (AZ) algorithms constrained, or not, by path-integrated attenuations (PIAs) estimated from the decrease in the return of selected mountain targets when it rains compared to their dry weather levels (the so-called mountain reference technique – MRT). We also consider one simple polarimetric algorithm based on the profile of the total differential phase shift between the radar and the mountain targets. The central idea of the work is to implement these five algorithms all together in the framework of a generalized sensitivity analysis in order to establish useful parameterizations for attenuation correction. The parameter structure and the inherent mathematical ambiguity of the system of equations makes it necessary to organize the optimization procedure in a nested way. The core of the procedure consists of (i) exploring with classical sampling techniques the space of the parameters allowed to be variable from one target to the other and from one time step to the next, (ii) computing a cost function (CF) quantifying the proximity of the simulated profiles and (iii) selecting parameters sets for which a given CF threshold is exceeded. This core is activated for a series of values of parameters supposed to be fixed, e.g., the radar calibration error for a given event. The sensitivity analysis is performed for a set of three convective events using the 0 degrees elevation plan position indicator (PPI) measurements of the Meteo-France weather radar located on top of the Moucherotte mountain (altitude of 1901 ma.s.l. – above sea level). It allows the estimation of critical parameters for radar QPE using radar data alone. In addition to the radar calibration error, this includes the time series of radome attenuation and estimations of the coefficients of the power law models relating the specific attenuation and the reflectivity (A-Z relationship) on the one hand and the specific attenuation and the specific differential phase shift (A-K-dp relationship) on the other hand. It is noteworthy that the A-Z and A-K-dp relationships obtained are consistent with those derived from concomitant drop size distribution measurements at ground level, in particular with a slightly non-linear A-K-dp relationship (A = 0:28 K-dp(1.1)). X-Band radome attenuations as high as 15 dB were estimated, leading to the recommendation of avoiding the use of radomes for remote sensing of precipitation at such a frequency.
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Diba, I., Diedhiou, A., Famien, A., Camara, M., & Fotso-Nguemo, T. (2022). Changes In Compound Extremes Of Rainfall And Temperature Over West Africa Using Cmip5 Simulations. Environmental Research Communications, 4(101).
Abstract: This Study Aims To Characterize Changes In Compound Extremes Of Rainfall And Temperature Over West Africa. For This Purpose, Data From Chirps Observations, The Era5 Reanalysis, And Twenty-Four (24) Climate Models Involved In The Cmip5 Project Were Analyzed. First, Climate Models Were Evaluated In Terms Of Their Capacity To Simulate Summer Mean Climatology And Compound Extremes During The Historical Period (1981-2005), And Secondly, Changes In Compound Extremes Were Examined Under Rcp8.5 Emission Scenario Between The Near Future (2031-2055) And The Far Future (2071-2095) Relative To The Historical Period. Despite The Presence Of Some Biases, The Ensemble Mean Of The Models Well Reproduces The Compound Extremes Patterns Over West Africa At The Seasonal And Intraseasonal Timescales. The Analysis Over The Historical Period With Chirps/Era5 Dataset Shows A Strong Occurrence Of The Dry/Warm Mode Over The Northern Sahel During The June-July-August-September Period (Jjas; Main Rainy Season) And Over The Guinean Region During The February-March-April-May Season (Fmam; First And Main Rainy Season). These Strong Occurrences Are Due To A Weak And Highly Frequent Precipitation Recorded In These Zones. The Compound Wet/Warm Mode Is Frequent In Jjas Over The Sahel And The Sudanian Zone (Transition Area Between Sahel And Guinean Regions), While In Fmam, Its Occurrence Is Maximum Over The Guinean Region. The Study Also Shows That The Dry/Warm Mode Will Increase In The Whole Sahel (Western And Central) And In The Guinean Zone In The Near And Far Futures While The Compound Wet/Warm Mode Will Decrease In The Whole Region. This Study Suggests That The West Africa Region Will Be Prone To Drought Intensified By Warmer Temperatures And Calls For Climate Action And Adaptation Strategies To Mitigate The Risks On Rain-Fed Agriculture, Energy, And On Animals And Human Health.
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Fotso-Nguemo, T., Vondou, D., Diallo, I., Diedhiou, A., Weber, T., Tanessong, R., et al. (2022). Potential impact of 1.5, 2 and 3 degrees C global warming levels on heat and discomfort indices changes over Central Africa. Science Of The Total Environment, 804. |
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Haruna, A., Blanchet, J., & Favre, A. C. (2022). Performance-Based Comparison Of Regionalization Methods To Improve The at-site estimates of daily precipitation. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 262(101), 2797–2811.
Abstract: In this article, we compare the performance of three regionalization approaches in improving the at-site estimates of daily precipitation. The first method is built on the idea of conventional RFA (regional frequency analysis) but is based on a fast algorithm that defines distinct homogeneous regions relying on their upper-tail similarity. It uses only the precipitation data at hand without the need for any additional covariate. The second is based on the region-of-influence (ROI) approach in which neighborhoods, containing similar sites, are defined for each station. The third is a spatial method that adopts generalized additive model (GAM) forms for the model parameters. In line with our goal of modeling the whole range of positive precipitation, the chosen marginal distribution model is the extended generalized Pareto distribution (EGPD) to which we apply the three methods. We consider a dense network composed of 1176 daily stations located within Switzerland and in neighboring countries. We compute different criteria to assess the models' performance in the bulk of the distribution and the upper tail. The results show that all the regional methods offered improved robustness over the local EGPD model. While the GAM method is more robust and reliable in the upper tail, the ROI method is better in the bulk of the distribution.
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Haruna, A., Garambois, P., Roux, H., Javelle, P., & Jay-Allemand, M. (2022). Does Flash Flood Model Performance Increase With Complexity? Signature And Sensitivity-Based Comparison Of Conceptual And Process-Oriented Models On French Mediterranean Cases. Hydrology, 9(8).
Abstract: We Compare Three Hydrological Models Of Different Complexities, Gr4H (Lumped, Continuous), Smash (Distributed, Continuous), And Marine (Distributed, Event-Based), For Mediterranean Flash Flood Modeling. The Objective Was To Understand How Differently They Simulate The Catchment'S Behavior, In Terms Of Outlet Discharge And Internal Dynamics, And How These Can Help To Improve The Relevance Of The Models. The Methodology Involved Global Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration/Validation, And Signature Comparison At The Event Scale With Good Performances. For All Models, We Found Transfer Parameters To Be Sensitive In The Case Of Gardon And Production Parameters In The Case Of Ardeche. The Non-Conservative Flow Component Of Gr4H Was Found To Be Sensitive And Could Benefit The Distributed Models. At The Event Scale, The Process-Based Marine Model At Finer Resolution Outperformed The Two Continuous Hourly Models At Flood Peak And Its Timing. Smash, Followed By Gr4H, Performed Better In The Volume Of Water Exported. Using The Operational Surface Model Sim2 To Benchmark The Soil Moisture Simulated By The Three Models, Marine (Initialized With Sim1) Emerged As The Most Accurate. Gr4H Followed Closely, While Smash Was The Least Accurate. Flexible Modeling And Regionalization Should Be Developed Based On Multi-Source Signatures And Worldwide Physiographic Databases.
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Jacq, K., Rapuc, W., Benoit, A., Coquin, D., Fanget, B., Perrette, Y., et al. (2022). Sedimentary structure discrimination with hyperspectral imaging in sediment cores. Science Of The Total Environment, 8178.
Abstract: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) isa non-destructive, high-resolution imaging technique that is currently under significant development for analyzing geological areas with remote devices or natural samples in a laboratory. In both cases, the hyperspectral image provides several sedimentary structures that must be separated to temporally and spatially de-scribe the sample. Sediment sequences are composed of successive deposits (strata, homogenite, flood) that are visible depending on sample properties. The classical methods to identify them are time-consuming, have a low spatial reso-lution (millimeters) and are generally based on naked-eye counting. In this study, we compare several supervised clas-sification algorithms to discriminate sedimentological structures in lake sediments. Instantaneous events in lake sediments are generally linked to extreme geodynamical events (e.g., floods, earthquakes), so their identification and counting are essential to understand long-term fluctuations and improve hazard assessments. Identification and counting are done by reconstructing a chronicle of event layer occurrence, including estimation of deposit thicknesses. Here, we applied two hyperspectral imaging sensors (Visible Near-Infrared, VNIR, 60 μm, 400-1000 nm; Short Wave Infrared, SWIR, 200 μm, 1000-2500 nm) on three sediment cores from different lake systems. We highlight that the SWIR sensor is the optimal one for creating robust classification models with discriminant analyses (prediction accu-racies of 0.87-0.98). Indeed, the VNIR sensor is impacted by the surface reliefs and structures that are not in the learn-ing set, which causes mis-classification. These observations are also valid for the combined sensor (VNIR-SWIR) and the RGB images. Several spatial and spectral pre-processing were also compared and enabled one to highlight discriminant information specific to a sample and a sensor. These works show that the combined use of hyperspectral imaging and machine learning improves the characterization of sedimentary structures compared to conventional methods.
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Kone, B., Diedhiou, A., Diawara, A., Anquetin, S., Toure, N. E., Bamba, A., et al. (2022). Influence of initial soil moisture in a regional climate model study over West Africa – Part 1: Impact on the climate mean. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 262(3), 711–730.
Abstract: The impact of soil moisture initial conditions on the mean climate over West Africa was examined using the latest version of the regional climate model of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (RegCM4) at a 25 km horizontal resolution. The soil moisture reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis of the 20th century (ERA-20C) was used to initialize the control experiment, while its minimum and maximum values over the entire domain were used to establish the respective initial dry and wet soil moisture conditions (hereafter referred to as dry and wet experiments, respectively). For the respective control, wet and dry experiments, an ensemble of five runs from June to September was performed. In each experiment, we analyzed the two idealized simulations most sensitive to the dry and wet soil moisture initial conditions. The impact of soil moisture initial conditions on precipitation in West Africa is linear over the Central and West Sahel regions, where dry (wet) experiments lead to a rainfall decrease (increase). The strongest precipitation increase is found over the West Sahel for wet experiments, with a maximum change value of approximately 40 %, whereas the strongest precipitation decrease is found for dry experiments over the Central Sahel, with a peak change of approximately -4 %. The sensitivity of soil moisture initial conditions can persist for 3-4 months (90-120 d) depending on the region. However, the influence on precipitation is no longer than 1 month (between 15 and 30 d). The strongest temperature decrease is located over the Central and West Sahel, with a maximum change of approximately -1.5 degrees C in wet experiments, whereas the strongest temperature increase is found over the Guinea coast and Central Sahel for the dry experiments, with a maximum change of around 0.6 degrees degrees C. A significant impact of soil moisture initial conditions on the surface energy fluxes is noted: in the wet (dry) experiments, a cooling (warming) of the surface temperature is associated with a decrease (increase) in sensible heat flux, an increase (decrease) in latent heat flux and a decrease (increase) in the boundary layer depth. Part 2 of this study (Kone et al., 2022) investigates the influence of soil moisture initial conditions on climate extremes.
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Kone, B., Diedhiou, A., Diawara, A., Anquetin, S., Toure, N. E., Bamba, A., et al. (2022). Influence of initial soil moisture in a regional climate model study over West Africa – Part 2: Impact on the climate extremes. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 262(3), 731–754.
Abstract: The influence of soil moisture initial conditions on the climate extreme indices over West Africa was investigated using the fourth generation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics regional climate model (non-hydrostatic) coupled with version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (RegCM4-CLM4.5) at a 25 km spatial resolution. We initialized the control experiments with the reanalysis soil moisture data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis of the 20th century (ERA-20C), while we initialized the dry and wet experiments with the maximum and minimum soil moisture values over the West Africa domain, respectively. For each experiment, an ensemble of five runs was performed for 5 years (2001-2005) with soil moisture initial conditions for the runs prescribed on 1 June and the simulations being performed over 4 months (122 d) from June to September. The performance of RegCM4-CLM4.5 with respect to simulating the 10 extreme rainfall and temperature indices used in this study is presented. The results are then discussed for the two idealized simulations that are most sensitive to the dry and wet soil moisture initial conditions in order to highlight the impacts beyond the limits of soil moisture internal forcing in the model. Over the Central Sahel, dry (wet) experiments lead to a decrease (increase) in precipitation extreme indices related to the number of events, but this was not seen for indices related to the intensity of the events. Soil moisture initial conditions unequally affect the daily minimum and maximum temperatures. The strongest impact is found on the maximum temperature: wet (dry) experiments decrease (increase) the maximum temperature over the whole region. Over the Central Sahel, wet (dry) experiments lead to a decrease (increase) in the maximum values of the minimum temperature.
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Kouadio, C. A., Kouassi, K. L., Diedhiou, A., Obahoundje, S., Amoussou, E., Kamagate, B., et al. (2022). Assessing The Hydropower Potential Using Hydrological Models And Geospatial Tools in the White Bandama Watershed (Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa). Frontiers In Water, 4.
Abstract: An assessment of hydropower potential at the watershed scale was conducted at the White Bandama Watershed (WBW) in Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa). The method used involves the application of a hydrological model [Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)] coupled with a Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS), denoted as QSWAT, to assess the water resource availability and hydropower potential of streams and determine potential hydropower sites for future hydropower development in the watershed. Geospatial data about the topography, soil types, land use/land cover, weather, and discharge were considered in hydrological and hydro-geomorphological characterization of the watershed. Streamflow and climate data-enabled model operation and simulation of the hydrology of the watershed. The model performance and robustness were confirmed with the p-factor, r-factor, coefficient of determination R-2, and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficient. The hydropower potential of streams was evaluated by considering the simulated streamflow and water head. A total of 22 future hydropower sites was identified, geolocated, and classified with an estimated total production capacity of 538.56 MW.
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Larbi, I., Nyamekye, C., Dotse, S. Q., Danso, D. K., Annor, T., Bessah, E., et al. (2022). Rainfall And Temperature Projections And The Implications On Streamflow and evapotranspiration in the near future at the Tano River Basin of Ghana. Scientific African, 151.
Abstract: Climate change is projected to negatively affect water security which is already a challenge in many areas of Ghana including the Tano river basin (TRB). This study assessed the projections of rainfall and temperature and its impact on streamflow and actual evapotranspiration (ET) in the TRB of Ghana for 2021-2050 relative to the period 1986-2015. The impact assessment focused on how climate change under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5) based on an ensemble mean of two regional climate models (RCMs) would affect streamflow and ET using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Trend analysis and quantification for the streamflow and ET were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall's and Sen's slope estimators. The results show that the mean annual rainfall of 1401.9 mm would increase slightly by 0.5 % with a decreasing trend (1.22mm/yr) under the RCP4.5 scenario, but would decrease by 3.2% with a decreasing trend (0.3m mm/yr) under the RCP8.5 scenario. The mean annual temperature showed an increase (2.1 degrees C and 2.6 degrees C) with a statistically significant increasing trend of 0.07 and 0.09 degrees C/yr under RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. An increase in ET with a non-significant increasing trend at a rate of 0.74 and 1.07 mm/year under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively is also projected. The mean annual streamflow is projected to decrease, with the decrease been more pronounced under the RCP8.5 (37.5%) scenario compared to the RCP4.5 scenario (19.9%). In general, the outcome of this study presents a useful perspective on the vulnerability of water resources to climate change and the need for better planning and management of the water resources in the basin. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of African Institute of Mathematical Sciences / Next Einstein Initiative.
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Le Roux, E., Evin, G., Eckert, N., Blanchet, J., & Morin, S. (2022). A Non-Stationary Extreme-Value Approach For Climate Projection ensembles: application to snow loads in the French Alps. Earth System Dynamics, 131(3), 1059–1075.
Abstract: Anticipating risks related to climate extremes often relies on the quantification of large return levels (values exceeded with small probability) from climate projection ensembles. Current approaches based on multi-model ensembles (MMES) usually estimate return levels separately for each climate simulation of the MME. In contrast, using MME obtained with different combinations of general circulation model (GCM) and regional climate model (RCM), our approach estimates return levels together from the past observations and all GCM-RCM pairs, considering both historical and future periods. The proposed methodology seeks to provide estimates of projected return levels accounting for the variability of individual GCM-RCM trajectories, with a robust quantification of uncertainties. To this aim, we introduce a flexible non-stationary generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution that includes (i) piecewise linear functions to model the changes in the three GEV parameters and (ii) adjustment coefficients for the location and scale parameters to adjust the GEV distributions of the GCM-RCM pairs with respect to the GEV distribution of the past observations. Our application focuses on snow load at 1500 m elevation for the 23 massifs of the French Alps. Annual maxima are available for 20 adjusted GCM-RCM pairs from the EURO-CORDEX experiment under the scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. Our results show with a model-as-truth experiment that at least two linear pieces should be considered for the piecewise linear functions. We also show, with a split-sample experiment, that eight massifs should consider adjustment coefficients. These two experiments help us select the GEV parameterizations for each massif. Finally, using these selected parameterizations, we find that the 50-year return level of snow load is projected to decrease in all massifs by -2.9 kN m(-2) (-50 %) on average between 1986-2005 and 2080-2099 at 1500 m elevation and RCP8.5. This paper extends the recent idea to constrain climate projection ensembles using past observations to climate extremes.
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Obahoundje, S., & Diedhiou, A. (2022). Potential impacts of climate, land use and land cover changes on hydropower generation in West Africa: a review. Environmental Research Letters, 171(4).
Abstract: This study aims to review the existing literature on the past and future effects of climate, land use, and land cover changes on hydropower generation in West Africa (WA), based on listings in the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. This review shows that several African hydropower plants have experienced repeated power disruptions over the last three decades due to climate change and variability but it is less documented how increasing land use and land cover changes around the major dams have impacted the hydrological system and the hydropower generation. In the future, the risks of hydropower in WA may not be equally distributed within a country or region. Despite uncertainties in precipitation and on impacts on streamflow and water level in major basins, climate change is likely to reduce the available water over the range of 10%-20% (15%-40%) for the RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) scenario by 2050, which may considerably affect the water demand across all sectors, including hydropower. However, in the Kainji dam (Niger River basin), models project an increase in rainfall favorable to hydropower production for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. In contrast, within the Black Volta sub-basin, the intensification of land use is predicted to favor runoff and, consequently, an increase in the generation of Bui hydropower in the near future, even though models predict a rainfall decrease. This increase in land use for agriculture to feed a growing population has other adverse effects that need to be assessed, namely sedimentation and siltation, which are harmful to hydropower plants. Finally, the combined impact of climate and land use changes on the efficiency of hydroelectric infrastructure in WA is not well documented, while sustainable planning and investments in the hydropower sector require consideration of the nexus between climate, land use changes, and water.
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Obahoundje, S., Diedhiou, A., Dubus, L., Alamou, E., Amoussou, E., Akpoti, K., et al. (2022). Modeling Climate Change Impact On Inflow And Hydropower Generation Of Nangbeto Dam In West Africa Using Multi-Model Cordex Ensemble And Ensemble Machine Learning. Applied Energy, 3253.
Abstract: Climate Change (Cc) Poses A Threat To Renewable Hydropower, Which Continues To Play A Significant Role In Energy Generation In West Africa (Wa). Thus, The Assessment Of The Impacts Of Climate Change And Climate Variability On Hydropower Generation Is Critical For Dam Management. This Study Develops A Framework Based On Ensemble Climate Models And Ensemble Machine Learning Methods To Assess The Projected Impacts Of Cc On Inflow To The Reservoir And Hydropower Generation At The Nangbeto Hydropower Plant In Wa. Inflow To Reservoir And Energy Generation For The Future (2020-2099) Is Modeled Using Climate Models Output Data From Coordi-Nated Regional Downscaling Experiment To Produce A Publicly Accessible Hydropower Dataset From 1980 To 2099. The Bias-Adjusted Ensemble Mean Of Eleven Climate Models For Representative Concentration Pathways (Rc4.5 And Rcp8.5) Are Used. The Added Value Of This Approach Is To Use Fewer Input Data (Temperature And Precipi-Tation) While Focusing On Their Lagged Effect On Inflow And Energy. Generally, The Model Output Strongly Cor-Relates With The Observation (1986-2005) With A Pearson Correlation Of 0.86 For Energy And 0.82 For Inflow While The Mean Absolute Error Is 2.97% For Energy And 9.73% For Inflow. The Results Reveals That Both Inflow And Energy Simulated Over The Future Periods (2020-2039, 2040-2059, 2060-2079, And 2080-2099) Will Decrease Relative To The Historical Period (1986-2005) For Both Rcps In The Range Of (2.5-20.5% And 1-8.5% For Inflow And Energy, Respectively), At Annual, Monthly And Seasonal Time Scales. Therefore, These Results Should Be Considered By Decision-Makers When Assessing The Best Option For The Energy Mix Development Plan.
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Obahoundje, S., Diedhiou, A., Kouassi, K. L., Ta, M. Y., Mortey, E. M., Roudier, P., et al. (2022). Analysis Of Hydroclimatic Trends And Variability And Their Impacts On hydropower generation in two river basins in Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa) during 1981-2017. Environmental Research Communications, 4(6).
Abstract: Climate change (CC) and variability impacts on hydroelectric generation have become critical for hydropower management. The trends of inflow, outflow, reservoir water level, and storage as well as hydraulicity indices of three main dams in Cote d'Ivoire, namely Kossou and Taabo in the Bandama basin and Buyo in the Sassandra basin were examined during 1981-2017 and their impacts on hydropower generation were analyzed. Moreover, the hydropower generation sensitivity to CC of these dams was assessed using statistical analysis. The results reveal that the inflow is highly dependent on rainfall while the water level is highly influenced by the outflow, which is a function of the inflow to the reservoirs and water management policy. Furthermore, the Mann Kendall test revealed that temperature and potential evapotranspiration have increased significantly in all three sub-basins while precipitation shows a significant upward trend only within the Taabo dam catchment area. Meanwhile, inflow to reservoir increased significantly and greatly than precipitation probably due to land use/cover change. Precipitation and inflow show a strong correlation as energy generation is significantly and strongly correlated to outflow (inflow) in all stations (except Kossou). Furthermore, the energy generation at Buyo and Taabo dams is more sensitive to reservoir inflow, while that of Kossou dam is more affected by water level. In addition, the power of a given year is also dependent on the total rainfall of that year and/or the previous year depending on the plant.
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Obahoundje, S., N'Guessan, V., Diedhiou, A., Kravitz, B., & Moore, J. (2022). Influence Of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering On Temperature Mean And Precipitation Extremes Indices In Africa. International Journal Of Climate Change Strategies And Management, 141(4), 399–423.
Abstract: Purpose Three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Models Involved In The G4 Experiment Of The Geoengineering Model Inter-Comparison Project (Geomip) Project Were Used To Investigate The Impact Of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (Sai) On The Mean Surface Air Temperature And Precipitation Extremes In Africa. Design/Methodology/Approach This Impact Was Examined Under G4 And Representative Concentration Pathway (Rcp) 4.5 Scenarios On The Total Precipitation, The Number Of Rainy Days (Rr1) And Of Days With Heavy Rainfall (R20 Mm), The Rainfall Intensity (Sdii), The Maximum Length Of Consecutive Wet (Cwd) And Dry (Cdd) Days And On The Maximum Rainfall In Five Consecutive Days (Rx5Day) Across Four Regions: Western Africa (Waf), Eastern Africa (Eaf), Northern Africa And Southern Africa (Saf). Findings During The 50 Years (2020-2069) Of Sai, Mean Continental Warming Is -0.40 Degrees C Lower In G4 Than Under Rcp4.5. During The Post-Injection Period (2070-2090), The Temperature Continues To Increase, But At A Lower Rate (-0.19 Degrees C) Than In Rcp4.5. During Sai, Annual Rainfall In G4 Is Significantly Greater Than In Rcp4.5 Over The High Latitudes (Especially Over Saf) And Lower Over The Tropics. The Termination Of Sai Leads To A Significant Increase Of Rainfall Over Sahel And Eaf And A Decrease Over Saf And Guinea Coast (Waf). Practical Implications Compared To Rcp4.5, Sai Will Contribute To Reducing Significantly Regional Warming But With A Significant Decrease Of Rainfall In The Tropics Where Rainfed Agriculture Account For A Large Part Of The Economies. After The Sai Period, The Risk Of Drought Over The Extratropical Regions (Especially In Saf) Will Be Mitigated, While The Risk Of Floods Will Be Exacerbated In The Central Sahel. Originality/Value To Meet The Paris Agreement, African Countries Will Implement Mitigation Measures To Contribute To Keep The Surface Air Temperature Below 2 Degrees C. Geoengineering With Sai Is Suggested As An Option To Meet This Challenge, But Its Implication On The African Climate System Needs A Deep Investigation In The Aim To Understand The Impacts On Temperature And Precipitation Extremes. To The Best Of The Authors' Knowledge, This Study Is The First To Investigate The Potential Impact Of Sai Using The G4 Experiment Of Geomip On Temperature And Precipitation Extremes Of The African Continent.
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Rindraharisaona, E., Rechou, A., Fontaine, F., Barruol, G., Stamenoff, P., Boudevillain, B., et al. (2022). Seismic Signature Of Rain And Wind Inferred From Seismic Data. Earth And Space Science, 9(101).
Abstract: Seismic Stations Are Increasingly Used To Monitor River Activity And To Quantify Sediment Transport During Flood Events. In Tropical Regions, Cyclone-Induced Floods Are Often Associated With Heavy Rain And Strong Wind Episodes, Generating Complex Seismic Records Involving The Simultaneous Signature Of Water, Sediment, Rainfall And Wind. Hence, Seismic Characterization Of Rain And Wind Is Then Required To Better Decipher Each Process And Improve Our Understanding Of The River Seismic Signature. In This Study, We Investigate Experimentally The Seismic Response Of Rain And Wind Using Data Recorded By Geophones Deployed In Various Soil Types And At Different Burial Depth (Bd), Co-Located With Various Meteorological Instruments. Our Results Show That The Power Spectral Density (Psd) Of The Seismic Noise Intensifies At A Frequency Between 60 And 500 Hz For Rain And 5 And 500 Hz For Wind, In The Presence Of Rain Precipitation As Low As 0.025 Mm/Min And/Or Wind Speed >= 3 M/S. Psd Analysis Indicates That The Seismic Signal Associated With Rain Decreases With The Bd With A Value Of Similar To 2-5 Db In A Depth Difference Of 10 Cm. We Also Observe That Each Soil Type Has Its Own Seismic Signature. The 4-Min Root Mean Square Correlation Between The Seismic Signal Amplitude And The Rain Precipitation Suggests That They Best Correlate With Pearson Coefficient >0.90 At Bd Of 30 Cm. The Transfer Function Between The Precipitation Rate (Or Kinetic Energy) And The Seismic Signal Amplitude Shows That The Signal Recorded By The Geophone Can Be Used As A Robust Proxy For These Parameters. Plain Language Summary In Addition To Recording Deep Earth Activity Such As Earthquakes Or Volcanic Eruptions, Seismic Sensors Can Measure Numbers Of Naturally-Induced Ground Vibrations Such As Those Generated By Rivers Activities. In Tropical Areas During Cyclonic Events, Heavy Rain (And Strong Wind) Leads To The Presence Of Severe Flooding, During Which Several Activities In And On The River (E.G., Sediment Transport, Wind, Water, And Rain) Generate Ground Vibration, Making The Overall Signals Recorded By Seismic Sensors Complex To Interpret. To Better Decipher The River Seismic Signature, Investigating The Wind And Rain Signatures Are Then Essential. In This Study, We Investigate Experimentally The Seismic Response Of Rain And Wind From Data Recorded By Geophones And Complemented By Different Meteorological Sensors. The Obtained Results Show That (A) The Strength Of The Seismic Noise Intensifies With Frequency For Rain And Wind; (B) The Seismic Signal Associated With Rain Decreases With The Burying Depth Of The Sensor; (C) The Amplitude Of The Seismic Signal Correlates With Rain Precipitation When The Sensor Is Well Buried And (D) The Signal Recorded By The Geophone Can Be Used As A Robust Proxy For Rain Precipitation.
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Rivoire, P., Le Gall, P., Favre, A., Naveau, P., & Martius, O. (2022). High Return Level Estimates Of Daily Era-5 Precipitation In Europe Estimated Using Regionalized Extreme Value Distributions. Weather And Climate Extremes, 383. |
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Viviroli, D., Sikorska-Senoner, A., Evin, G., Staudinger, M., Kauzlaric, M., Chardon, J., et al. (2022). Comprehensive Space-Time Hydrometeorological Simulations For Estimating Very Rare Floods At Multiple Sites In A Large River Basin. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 222(9), 2891–2920. |
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Wilhelm, B., Amann, B., Corella, J. P., Rapuc, W., Giguet-Covex, C., Merz, B., et al. (2022). Reconstructing Paleoflood Occurrence and Magnitude from Lake Sediments. Quaternary, 5(1).
Abstract: Lake sediments are a valuable archive to document past flood occurrence and magnitude, and their evolution over centuries to millennia. This information has the potential to greatly improve current flood design and risk assessment approaches, which are hampered by the shortness and scarcity of gauge records. For this reason, paleoflood hydrology from lake sediments received fast-growing attention over the last decade. This allowed an extensive development of experience and methodologies and, thereby, the reconstruction of paleoflood series with increasingly higher accuracy. In this review, we provide up-to-date knowledge on flood sedimentary processes and systems, as well as on state-of-the-art methods for reconstructing and interpreting paleoflood records. We also discuss possible perspectives in the field of paleoflood hydrology from lake sediments by highlighting the remaining challenges. This review intends to guide the research interest in documenting past floods from lake sediments. In particular, we offer here guidance supported by the literature in how: to choose the most appropriate lake in a given region, to find the best suited sedimentary environments to take the cores, to identify flood deposits in the sedimentary sequence, to distinguish them from other instantaneous deposits, and finally, to rigorously interpret the flood chronicle thus produced.
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Wilhelm, B., Rapuc, W., Amann, B., Anselmetti, F. S., Arnaud, F., Blanchet, J., et al. (2022). Impact of warmer climate periods on flood hazard in the European Alps. Nature Geoscience, 151(2), 118–+.
Abstract: Flooding is a pervasive natural hazard-costly in both human and economic terms-and climate change will probably exacerbate risks around the world. Mountainous areas, such as the densely populated European Alps, are of particular concern as topography and atmospheric conditions can result in large and sudden floods. In addition, the Alps are experiencing a high warming rate, which is probably leading to more heavy rainfall events. Here, we compile palaeoflood records to test the still uncertain impact these climatic trends might have on flood frequency and magnitude in the European Alps. We demonstrate that a warming of 0.5-1.2 degrees C, whether naturally or anthropogenically forced, led to a 25-50% decrease in the frequency of large (>= 10 yr return period) floods. This decreasing trend is not conclusive in records covering less than 200 years but persistent in those ranging from 200 to 9,000 years. By contrast, extreme (>100 yr) floods may increase with a similar degree of warming in certain small alpine catchments impacted by local intensification of extreme rainfall. Our results show how long, continuous palaeoflood records can be used to disentangle complex climate-flooding relationships and assist in improving risk assessment and management at a regional scale. Moderate flooding in the European Alps declined during past warmer periods, whereas extreme floods both increased and decreased, according to an analysis of palaeoflood records.
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2021 |
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Basse, J., Sabaly, H., Diba, I., Sarr, A., Camara, M., & Diedhiou, A. (2021). Synoptic variability associated with wet and dry spells in the Western Sahel. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, . |
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Beaumet, J., Menegoz, M., Morin, S., Gallee, H., Fettweis, X., Six, D., et al. (2021). Twentieth century temperature and snow cover changes in the French Alps. Regional Environmental Change, 21(4).
Abstract: Changes in snow cover associated with the warming of the French Alps greatly influence social-ecological systems through their impact on water resources, mountain ecosystems, economic activities, and glacier mass balance. In this study, we investigated trends in snow cover and temperature over the twentieth century using climate model and reanalysis data. The evolution of temperature, precipitation and snow cover in the European Alps has been simulated with the Modele Atmospherique Regional (MAR) applied with a 7-km horizontal resolution and driven by ERA-20C (1902-2010) and ERA5 (1981-2018) reanalyses data. Snow cover duration and snow water equivalent (SWE) simulated with MAR are compared to the SAFRAN – SURFEX-ISBA-Crocus – MEPRA meteorological and snow cover reanalysis (S2M) data across the French Alps (1958-2018) and in situ glacier mass balance measurements. MAR outputs provide a realistic distribution of SWE and snow cover duration as a function of elevation in the French Alps. Large disagreements are found between the datasets in terms of absolute warming trends over the second part of the twentieth century. MAR and S2M trends are in relatively good agreement for the decrease in snow cover duration, with higher decreases at low elevation (similar to 5-10%/decade). Consistent with other studies, the highest warming rates in MAR occur at low elevations (< 1000 m a.s.l) in winter, whereas they are found at high elevations (> 2000 m a.s.l) in summer. In spring, warming trends show a maximum at intermediate elevations (1500 to 1800 m). Our results suggest that higher warming at these elevations is mostly linked to the snow-albedo feedback in spring and summer caused by the disappearance of snow cover at higher elevation during these seasons. This work has evidenced that depending on the season and the period considered, enhanced warming at higher elevations may or may not be found. Additional analysis in a physically comprehensive way and more high-quality dataset, especially at high elevations, are still required to better constrain and quantify climate change impacts in the Alps and its relation to elevation.
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Blanc, A., Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. (2021). Characterizing large-scale circulations driving extreme precipitation in the Northern French Alps. International Journal Of Climatology, . |
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Blanc, A., Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. (2021). Linking Large-Scale Circulation Descriptors to Precipitation Variability in the Northern French Alps. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(15). |
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Blanchet, J., Blanc, A., & Creutin, J. (2021). Explaining recent trends in extreme precipitation in the Southwestern Alps by changes in atmospheric influences. Weather And Climate Extremes, 33. |
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Blanchet, J., Creutin, J., & Blanc, A. (2021). Retreating winter and strengthening autumn Mediterranean influence on extreme precipitation in the Southwestern Alps over the last 60 years. Environmental Research Letters, 16(3).
Abstract: This article analyzes the large-scale circulations producing daily precipitation extremes in the Southwestern Alps and their trends from 1958 to 2017. We consider a high-resolution precipitation data set of 1 x 1 km(2) and the weather patterns associated to the precipitation seasonal maxima at each grid point. The high-resolution allows us to analyze in details the atmospheric influences triggering seasonal maxima. Four influences are considered-the Atlantic influence, the Mediterranean influence, the northeast circulation and the Anticyclonic situation. We show that influences on maxima are very well organized in space but their organization depends on the season. Maxima are very mainly triggered by two types of influences in the region-the Atlantic influence and the Mediterranean influence. Trends in weather patterns producing maxima are also organized in space, with opposite trends for the Atlantic and the Mediterranean influences. The Mediterranean influence retreated very significantly over the period in winter and spring, while the Atlantic influence significantly extended further south. In autumn the Mediterranean influence strengthened where it was already dominant.
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Chagnaud, G., Panthou, G., Vischel, T., Blanchet, J., & Lebel, T. (2021). A unified statistical framework for detecting trends in multi-timescale precipitation extremes: application to non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency curves. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, .
Abstract: There is a large agreement that global warming induces changes of precipitation regimes of different nature and amplitude depending on the timescale considered. This question is of special concern regarding extreme rainfall that might have critical socio-environmental consequences. A unified framework is proposed here for detecting trends in extreme rainfall. It is based on the GEV distribution, whose parameters depend both on a simple scaling formulation to account for multiple time durations of rainfall and on time to account for the non-stationarity deriving from climatic trends. The implementation of the model is illustrated in the Sahel region by analyzing 30 in situ rainfall series of 28 years measured at time-steps from 2 to 24 h. While the separate analysis of the point series proves inconclusive for detecting trends at any of the time-steps considered, the inclusion of all the series and time-steps into the proposed unified model allows trends to be detected at a high level of confidence (p-value < 1%). This trend essentially appears in the scale parameter of the regional GEV distribution, involving a 15 to 20% increase of the 10-year rainfall in 28 years, and a 23 to 30% increase of the 100-year rainfall. The main advantages of the proposed framework are (i) its parsimony, allowing for reducing the uncertainty associated with the model inference; (ii) its capacity for detecting trends either in the mean and/or in the variability of the extreme events; and (iii) its ability for producing non-stationary Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves that are coherent over a range of durations of accumulation.
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Corella, J., Benito, G., Monteoliva, A., Sigro, J., Calle, M., Valero-Garces, B., et al. (2021). A 1400-years flood frequency reconstruction for the Basque country (N Spain): Integrating geological, historical and instrumental datasets. Quaternary Science Reviews, 262. |
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Corella, J., Sierra, M., Garralon, A., Millan, R., Rodriguez-Alonso, J., Mata, M., et al. (2021). Recent and historical pollution legacy in high altitude Lake Marbore (Central Pyrenees): A record of mining and smelting since pre-Roman times in the Iberian Peninsula. Science Of The Total Environment, 751.
Abstract: We have analyzed potential harmful trace elements (PHTE; Pb, Hg, Zn, As and Cu) on sediment cores retrieved from lake Marbore (LM) (2612 m a.s.l, 42 degrees 41 ' N; 0 degrees 2 ' E). PHTE variability allowed us to reconstruct the timing and magnitude of trace metal pollutants fluxes over the last 3000 years in the Central Pyrenees. A statistical treatment of the dataset (PCA) enabled us to discern the depositional processes of PHTE, that reach the lake via direct atmospheric deposition. Indeed, the location of LM above the atmospheric boundary layer makes this lake an exceptional site to record the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants in the free troposphere. Air masses back-trajectories analyses enabled us to understand the transport pathways of atmospheric pollutants while lead isotopic analyses contributed to evaluate the source areas of metal pollution in SW Europe during the Late Holocene. PHTE variability, shows a clear agreement with the main exploitation phases of metal resources in Southern Europe during the Pre-Industrial Period. We observed an abrupt lead enrichment from 20 to 375 yrs CE mostly associated to silver and lead mining and smelting practices in Southern Iberia during the Roman Empire. This geochemical data suggests that regional atmospheric metal pollution during the Roman times rivalled the Industrial Period. PHTE also increased during the High and Late Middle Ages (10-15th centuries) associated to a reactivation of mining and metallurgy activities in high altitude Pyrenean mining sites during climate amelioration phases. Atmospheric mercury deposition in the Lake Marbore record mostly reflects global emissions, particularly from Almaden mines (central Spain) and slightly fluctuates during the last three millennia with a significant increase during the last five centuries. Our findings reveal a strong mining-related pollution legacy in alpine lakes and watersheds that needs to be considered in management plans for mountain ecosystems as global warming and human pressure effects may contribute to their future degradation. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Coulibaly, H., Honore, C., Naga, C., Kouadio, K., Didi, S., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2021). Groundwater exploration using extraction of lineaments from SRTM DEM and water flows in Bere region. Egyptian Journal Of Remote Sensing And Space Sciences, 24(3), 391–400. |
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Danso, D., Francois, B., Hingray, B., & Diedhiou, A. (2021). Assessing hydropower flexibility for integrating solar and wind energy in West Africa using dynamic programming and sensitivity analysis. Illustration with the Akosombo reservoir, Ghana. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 287.
Abstract: The flexibility of hydropower plants with large reservoirs is frequently exploited to integrate large shares of variable and intermittent renewable energy sources in electricity systems. In this study, we assess the flexibility that could be provided by large hydropower reservoirs in West Africa to cope with planned future solar and wind energy generation in the region. Reservoir operations are estimated via Dynamic Programming with the objective to minimize the variability of the residual demand that commonly needs to be supplied by conventional generation means at high monetary and carbon costs. The analysis framework is demonstrated for the Akosombo hydropower reservoir in Ghana for which a number of future scenarios of increased electricity demand are considered. Different combinations of solar and wind energy development are considered to match the increase in demand. The results show that the Akosombo hydropower reservoir can smooth out the variability of the residual electricity demand when the increase in electricity demand is below 25% and the corresponding contribution of solar and wind energy to the total electricity generation does not exceed 20%. For larger increases in demand and thus larger solar and wind generation, the Akosombo reservoir cannot fully smooth-out the variability of the subsequent residual demand, although, the performance varies with the relative contribution of solar and wind in the energy mix. However, we found that the use of an additional short-term storage helps to further reduce the variability of the residual demand. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Diba, I., Basse, J., Ndiaye, M., Sabaly, H., Diedhiou, A., & Camara, M. (2021). Potential Dust Induced Changes on the Seasonal Variability of Temperature Extremes Over the Sahel: A Regional Climate Modeling Study. Frontiers In Earth Science, 8.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to simulate the impact of mineral dust emissions from the Sahel-Saharan zone on temperature extremes over the Sahel. To achieve this goal, we performed two numerical simulations: one with the standard version of the regional climate model RegCM4 (no dust run) and another one with the same version of this model incorporating a dust module (dust run). The difference between both versions of the model allowed to isolate the impacts of mineral dust emissions on temperature extremes. The results show that the accumulation of mineral dust into the atmosphere leads to a decrease of the frequency of warm days, very warm days, and warm nights over the Sahel. This decrease is higher during the MAM (March-April-May) and JJA (June-July-August) periods especially in the northern and western parts of the Sahel. The impact of the mineral dust emissions is also manifested by a decrease of the frequency of tropical nights especially during MAM in the northern Sahel. When considering the warm spells, mineral particles tend to weaken them especially in MAM and JJA in the northern Sahel. To estimate the potential impacts of the mineral dust accumulation on heat stress, the heat index and the humidex are used. The analysis of the heat index shows that the dust impact is to reduce the health risks particularly in the northern Sahel during the MAM period, in the western Sahel during JJA, and in the southern and the northeastern parts of the Sahel during the SON (September-October-November) period. As for the humidex, it is characterized by a decrease especially in the northern Sahel for all seasons. This reduction of the occurrence of thermal extremes may have a positive effect on the energy demand for cooling and on global health. However, the accumulation of dust particles in the atmosphere may also increase the meningitis incidence and prevalence.
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Doumbia, M., Kouassi, A., Silue, S., Yoboue, V., Liousse, C., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2021). Road Traffic Emission Inventory in an Urban Zone of West Africa: Case of Yopougon City (Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire). Energies, 14(4).
Abstract: Road traffic emission inventories based on bottom-up methodology, are calculated for each road segment from fuel consumption and traffic volume data obtained during field measurements in Yopougon. High emissions of black carbon (BC) from vehicles are observed at major road intersections, in areas surrounding industrial zones and on highways. Highest emission values from road traffic are observed for carbon monoxide (CO) (14.8 t/d) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (7.9 t/d), usually considered as the major traffic pollution tracers. Furthermore, peak values of CO emissions due to personal cars (PCs) are mainly linked to the old age of the vehicle fleet with high emission factors. The highest emitting type of vehicle for BC on the highway is PC (70.2%), followed by inter-communal taxis (TAs) (13.1%), heavy vehicles (HVs) (9.8%), minibuses (GBs) (6.4%) and intra-communal taxis (WRs) (0.4%). While for organic carbon (OC) emissions on the main roads, PCs represent 46.7%, followed by 20.3% for WRs, 14.9% for TAs, 11.4% for GB and 6.7% for HVs. This work provides new key information on local pollutant emissions and may be useful to guide mitigation strategies such as modernizing the vehicle fleet and reorganizing public transportation, to reduce emissions and improve public health.
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Evin, G., Somot, S., & Hingray, B. (2021). Balanced estimate and uncertainty assessment of European climate change using the large EURO-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. Earth System Dynamics, 12(4), 1543–1569.
Abstract: Large multiscenario multimodel ensembles (MMEs) of regional climate model (RCM) experiments driven by global climate models (GCMs) are made available worldwide and aim at providing robust estimates of climate changes and associated uncertainties. Due to many missing combinations of emission scenarios and climate models leading to sparse scenario-GCM-RCM matrices, these large ensembles, however, are very unbalanced, which makes uncertainty analyses impossible with standard approaches. In this paper, the uncertainty assessment is carried out by applying an advanced statistical approach, called QUALYPSO, to a very large ensemble of 87 EURO-CORDEX climate projections, the largest MME based on regional climate models ever produced in Europe. This analysis provides a detailed description of this MME, including (i) balanced estimates of mean changes for near-surface temperature and precipitation in Europe, (ii) the total uncertainty of projections and its partition as a function of time, and (iii) the list of the most important contributors to the model uncertainty. For changes in total precipitation and mean temperature in winter (DJF) and summer (JJA), the uncertainty due to RCMs can be as large as the uncertainty due to GCMs at the end of the century (2071-2099). Both uncertainty sources are mainly due to a small number of individual models clearly identified. Due to the highly unbalanced character of the MME, mean estimated changes can drastically differ from standard average estimates based on the raw ensemble of opportunity. For the RCP4.5 emission scenario in central-eastern Europe for instance, the difference between balanced and direct estimates is up to 0.8 degrees C for summer temperature changes and up to 20 % for summer precipitation changes at the end of the century.
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Fall, C., Lavaysse, C., Drame, M., Panthou, G., & Gaye, A. (2021). Wet and dry spells in Senegal: comparison of detection based on satellite products, reanalysis, and in situ estimates. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 21(3), 1051–1069.
Abstract: In this study, the detection and characteristics of dry/wet spells (defined as episodes when precipitation is abnormally low or high compared to usual climatology) drawn from several datasets are compared for Senegal. Here, four datasets are based on satellite data (TRMM-3B42 V7, CMORPH V1.0, TAMSAT V3, and CHIRPS V2. 0), two on reanalysis products (NCEP-CFSR and ERAS), and three on rain gauge observations (CPC Unified V1.0/RT and a 65-rain-gauge network regridded by using two kriging methods, namely ordinary kriging, OK, and block kriging, BK). All datasets were converted to the same spatio-temporal resolution: daily cumulative rainfall on a regular 0.25 degrees grid. The BK dataset was used as a reference. Despite strong agreement between the datasets on the spatial variability in cumulative seasonal rainfall (correlations ranging from 0.94 to 0.99), there were significant disparities in dry/wet spells. The occurrence of dry spells is less in products using infrared measurement techniques than in products coupling infrared and microwave, pointing to more frequent dry spell events. All datasets show that dry spells appear to be more frequent at the start and end of rainy seasons. Thus, dry spell occurrences have a major influence on the duration of the rainy season, in particular through the “false onset” or “early cessation” of seasons. The amplitude of wet spells shows the greatest variation between datasets. Indeed, these major wet spells appear more intense in the OK and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets than in the others. Lastly, the products indicate a similar wet spell frequency occurring at the height of the West African monsoon. Our findings provide guidance in choosing the most suitable datasets for implementing early warning systems (EWSs) using a multi-risk approach and integrating effective dry/wet spell indicators for monitoring and detecting extreme events.
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Fall, C., Lavaysse, C., Kerdiles, H., Drame, M., Roudier, P., & Gaye, A. (2021). Performance of dry and wet spells combined with remote sensing indicators for crop yield prediction in Senegal. Climate Risk Management, 33. |
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Klein, C., Jackson, L., Parker, D., Marsham, J., Taylor, C., Rowell, D., et al. (2021). Combining CMIP data with a regional convection-permitting model and observations to project extreme rainfall under climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10). |
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Lavaysse, C., Roudier, P., Venkatachalam, V., Van'T Klooster, J., & Clerici, M. (2021). On the Use of the eStation Developed in the GMES & Africa EU Project: Results from the User Survey. Atmosphere, 12(2).
Abstract: In 2007, at the 2nd Africa-EU Summit, the development and implementation of earth observation based services to support sustainable development in Africa was agreed. A joint Africa-EU strategy created a framework for cooperation to this end called GMES & Africa. This cooperation aims to produce products and services relevant to the needs of Africans and implemented by African institutions. It is based in particular on the European Copernicus program. The themes covered by the cooperation include natural resource management, marine and coastal areas, water resource management, climate variability and change, disaster risk reduction and food security. Building on its early involvement in the previous projects, the Joint Research Centre has developed an operational and distributable open-source data processing tool, called eStation. One year before the end of the first phase of the project, a full survey of eStation users was conducted. The objective of the survey was to get a full overview of the use, strength, weakness and way to improve the eStation in an operational context. This study presents the main results of the survey. It identifies who are the users, what their operational tasks are and how they communicate the information to decision makers. In addition, the use of the station is described, its strengths and weaknesses are identified as well as the technical and thematic difficulties encountered. The survey underlines the importance of maintaining a constant dialogue between users and developers in order to offer technical and thematic supports to improve the efficiency of the use of the tools. This can be done by organising training and workshops and is essential for the proper use of the tools and products.
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Le Roux, E., Evin, G., Eckert, N., Blanchet, J., & Morin, S. (2021). Elevation-dependent trends in extreme snowfall in the French Alps from 1959 to 2019. Cryosphere, 15(9), 4335–4356. |
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Legout, C., Freche, G., Biron, R., Esteves, M., Navratil, O., Nord, G., et al. (2021). A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps). Hydrological Processes, 35(3).
Abstract: The 20 km(2) Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1-24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at .
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Lemaitre-Basset, T., Collet, L., Thirel, G., Parajka, J., Evin, G., & Hingray, B. (2021). Climate change impact and uncertainty analysis on hydrological extremes in a French Mediterranean catchment. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, .
Abstract: The Mediterranean region is a climate change hotspot for water resources. However, uncertainty analyses of hydrological projections are rarely quantified. In this study, an in-depth analysis of projections and uncertainties for high and low flows is performed. Climatic projections derived from a recent downscaling method were used, for two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCPs), five general circulation model/regional climate model (GCM/RCM) couples, three hydrological models (HMs), and 29 calibration schemes. A quasi-ergodic analysis of variance was used to evaluate the contribution of each impact modelling step to the total uncertainty. For high flows, the results show a mean increase of 30% by 2085, and RCPs make the highest contribution to the total uncertainty, followed by GCMs. For low flows, 50% of projections indicate a decrease of 7% or more by 2085, and HM structures, hydrological model parameters, and GCMs are the most important uncertainty sources. These results contribute to raise awareness among water managers regarding future hydrological extreme events.
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Obahoundje, S., Ta, M., Diedhiou, A., Amoussou, E., & Kouadio, K. (2021). Sensitivity of Hydropower Generation to Changes in Climate and Land Use in the Mono Basin (West Africa) using CORDEX Dataset and WEAP Model. Environmental Processes-An International Journal, .
Abstract: The availability of water resources in a reservoir for electricity generation is strongly linked to climate and weather conditions. Also, the use of these water resources is influenced by the population size as well as anthropogenic activities. This research attempts to assess the combined effects of (i) climate change (CC), (ii) land use/land cover change (LULCC), and (iii) development (Dev) conditions on water resources and hydropower generation (HPGen) using Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) under the Representative Concentrated Pathways (RCP): RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The RCMs considered are: CanRCM, CCLM, and WRF being drived by CanESM2, CNRM-CERFACS, and NorESM1, respectively. The Water Evaluation and Planning model (WEAP) tool is used to simulate the water availability and HPGen in the Mono basin under present and future conditions. The ensemble mean of the three-climate dataset analysis reveals that the temperature is projected to increase significantly while the precipitation change is uncertain under both RCPs in the near (2020-2050) and the far (2070-2090) futures. These changes in climate variables consequently affected simulated water availability for different water consumption sectors especially the HPGen in the near and far futures. Moreover, the Dev was found to exacerbate the burden that constitutes the CC for water availability and HPGen. Nevertheless, LULCC associated with either CC or both CC and Dev were projected by all the RCMs and their ensemble mean to reduce this burden. However, its side effects namely reservoir siltation and sedimentation need to be deeply investigated.
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Obahoundje, S., Ta, M., Diedhiou, A., Amoussou, E., & Kouadio, K. (2021). Sensitivity of Hydropower Generation to Changes in Climate and Land Use in the Mono Basin (West Africa) using CORDEX Dataset and WEAP Model. Environmental Processes-An International Journal, . |
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Pignede, E., Roudier, P., Diedhiou, A., Bi, V., Kobea, A., Konate, D., et al. (2021). Sugarcane Yield Forecast in Ivory Coast (West Africa) Based on Weather and Vegetation Index Data. Atmosphere, 12(11).
Abstract: One way to use climate services in the case of sugarcane is to develop models that forecast yields to help the sector to be better prepared against climate risks. In this study, several models for forecasting sugarcane yields were developed and compared in the north of Ivory Coast (West Africa). These models were based on statistical methods, ranging from linear regression to machine learning algorithms such as the random forest method, fed by climate data (rainfall, temperature); satellite products (NDVI, EVI from MODIS Vegetation Index product) and information on cropping practices. The results show that the forecasting of sugarcane yield depended on the area considered. At the plot level, the noise due to cultivation practices can hide the effects of climate on yields and leads to poor forecasting performance. However, models using satellite variables are more efficient and those with EVI alone may explain 43% of yield variations. Moreover, taking into account cultural practices in the model improves the score and enables one to forecast 3 months before harvest in 50% and 69% of cases whether yields will be high or low, respectively, with errors of only 10% and 2%, respectively. These results on the predictive potential of sugarcane yields are useful for planning and climate risk management in this sector.
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Pohl, B., Favier, V., Wille, J., Udy, D., Vance, T., Pergaud, J., et al. (2021). Relationship Between Weather Regimes and Atmospheric Rivers in East Antarctica. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 126(24).
Abstract: Here, we define weather regimes in the East Antarctica-Southern Ocean sector based on daily anomalies of 700 hPa geopotential height derived from ERA5 reanalysis during 1979-2018. Most regimes and their preferred transitions depict synoptic-scale disturbances propagating eastwards off the Antarctic coastline. While regime sequences are generally short, their interannual variability is strongly driven by the polarity of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Regime occurrences are then intersected with atmospheric rivers (ARs) detected over the same region and period. ARs are equiprobable throughout the year, but clearly concentrate during regimes associated with a strong atmospheric ridges/blockings on the eastern part of the domain, which act to channel meridional advection of heat and moisture from the lower latitudes towards Antarctica. Both regimes and ARs significantly shape climate variability in Antarctica. Regimes favorable to AR occurrences are associated with anomalously warm and humid conditions in coastal Antarctica and, to a lesser extent, the hinterland parts of the Antarctic plateau. These anomalies are strongly enhanced during AR events, with warmer anomalies and dramatically amplified snowfall amounts. Large-scale conditions favoring AR development are finally explored. They show weak dependency to the SAM, but particularly strong atmospheric ridges/blockings over the Southern Ocean appear as the most favorable pattern, in which ARs can be embedded, and to which they contribute.
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Rull, V., Vegas-Vilarrubia, T., Corella, J., & Valero-Garces, B. (2021). Bronze Age to Medieval vegetation dynamics and landscape anthropization in the southern-central Pyrenees. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 571.
Abstract: The varved sediments of Lake Montcort`es (central pre-Pyrenees) have provided a continuous high-resolution record of the last ca. 3000 years. Previous chronological and sedimentological studies of this record have furnished detailed paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, palynological studies are only available for the last millennium, when the landscape around the lake had already been transformed by humans. Therefore, the earlier vegetation of Montcortes and the history of its anthropogenic transformations remain unknown. This paper presents a palynological analysis of the interval between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Medieval period, aimed at recording preanthropic conditions, anthropization onset and the further landscape transformations. During the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BCE to 770 BCE), the vegetation did not show any evidence of human impact. The decisive anthropogenic transformation of the Montcort`es catchment vegetation and landscape started at the beginning of the Iron Age (770 BCE) and continued during Roman and Medieval times in the form of recurrent burning, grazing, cultivation, silviculture and hemp retting. Some intervals of lower human pressure were recorded, but the original vegetation never returned. The anthropization that took place during the Iron Age did not cause notable changes in the sediment yield to the lake, but a significant limnological shift occurred, as manifested in the initiation of varve formation, a process that has been continuous until today. Climatic shifts seem to have played a secondary role in influencing vegetation and landscape changes. These results contrast with previous inferences of low anthropogenic impact until the Medieval Period, at a regional level. Similar studies may be developed on other mountain ranges to verify whether landscape anthropization occurred earlier than previously thought, and to verify the potential occurrence of elevational gradients in the anthropization of mountain landscapes.
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Santos-Gonzalez, J., Gomez-Villar, A., Gonzalez-Gutierrez, R., Corella, J., Benito, G., Redondo-Vega, J., et al. (2021). Geomorphological impact, hydraulics and watershed- lake connectivity during extreme floods in mountain areas: The 1959 Vega de Tera dam failure, NW Spain. Geomorphology, 375.
Abstract: Dam-failure floods typically involve greater peak discharge than the largest meteorological flood at a basin. Determining the geomorphic effectiveness of extreme flooding caused by a breach mechanism provides insight into the role of flood scale on the resulting processes and landforms. Here, we present a geomorphological and hydraulic analysis of the 1959 Vega de Tera (NW Spain) dam-break flood, a worldwide notable dam-failure incident that released a flow of 7.8106 m(3) that caused the death of 144 people at Ribadelago before reaching Lake Sanabria (9 km down valley). This watershed-lake connection provides a comprehensive analysis of an extreme sediment delivery event in the context of a millennial long lake depositional record. One-dimensional unsteady flow computation shows a peak flow hydrograph attenuating from 13,000 m(3) s(-1) to 5150 m(3) s(-1), that reached a maximum flow depth of 34 m and velocity of 30 ms(-1). Spatial variation of erosional and depositional landforms are related with local flow hydraulics: i) in steep sectors flow regime was supercritical (shear value up to 11,200 Pa) and produced up to 30 m deep bedrock channel erosion; ii) at the boundary of steep and flatten sectors, transition to subcritical regime generated large plunge pools (up to 6000 m(2) and 15.2 min depth); iii) in low-gradient sectors low shear stress gave rise to depositional landforms, namely gravel bars with dam boulders up to 3 m long, and a debris cone with coarse gravel and expansion sand bars. The depositional landforms amount for a total volume of ca 2.11 . 106 m(3) in the Tera valley (37% in the gorge and 63% in the floodplain). The dense, energetic sediment-laden flow reached Lake Sanabria forming a debris cone close to the mouth and caused an underwater hyperpycnal current, depositing a similar to 10 cm-thick sandy-silt layer all over the two distal subbasins. The estimated volume of the deposited fine sediments in the lake ranges between 200,000 and 368,000 m(3). The lake record shows that this was the largest flood in the basin during the Holocene. Previous to the dam break, the sediment connectivity between the Sanabria watershed and the lake was limited because of the “staircase” topography and the presence of small glacial depressions filled with sediments since deglaciation. Even during the flood, the great majority of the sediments were deposited along the flood pathway, and only a small percentage (10-20%) reached the lake. Although the hydraulics of the Tera River were not changed after the flood, the newly formed pools in the watershed could diminish the connectivity between the river and the lake in the future, as some new sedimentation areas (pools) were generated acting as natural dams and thus decreasing sediment input to the lake. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Seyedhashemi, H., Hingray, B., Lavaysse, C., & Chamarande, T. (2021). The Impact of Low-Resource Periods on the Reliability of Wind Power Systems for Rural Electrification in Africa. Energies, 14(11). |
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Weyrich, P., Ruin, I., Terti, G., & Scolobig, A. (2021). Using serious games to evaluate the potential of social media information in early warning disaster management. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction, 56.
Abstract: In recent years, the sharp increase in the use of social media by the public during major natural disasters has attracted the attention of various public agencies and safety organizations. Social media present a potential alternative communication system not only for disseminating information to the public, but also for receiving information from the individuals at risk. However, there is limited research on how emergency managers would use such information and whether it would make warning decision-making more effective or not. To address this gap, we used an existing serious game to accommodate informational and communication complexities in early warning disaster management. We played 4 game sessions with practitioners and PhD students involved in disaster risk management to simulate and test how public information from social media is used in emergency operation centres to make (protective and communicative) decisions. This includes how information is perceived in terms of levels of trust, usefulness and completeness depending on its type, source, quality/content and channel. Overall, we observe that information from the crowd disseminated on social media leads to better decisions and increases associated confidence levels. More precisely, we find that information from weather spotters, i.e. people trained in meteorology, is more trusted than information from the general public independent of the information quality. Ultimately, we demonstrate the usefulness of public social media information in warning decision-making, as well as the potential of serious games to evaluate warning communication, for instance by increasing warning communication literacy and enhancing collaborative capacity.
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Wilcox, C., Aly, C., Vischel, T., Panthou, G., Blanchet, J., Quantin, G., et al. (2021). Stochastorm: A Stochastic Rainfall Simulator for Convective Storms. Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 22(2), 387–404.
Abstract: Stochastic rainfall generators aim to reproduce the main statistical features of rainfall at small spatial and temporal scales. The simulated synthetic rainfall series are recognized as suitable for use with impact analysis in water, agricultural, and ecological management. Convection-driven precipitation, dominant in certain regions of the world such as the intertropical belt regions, presents properties that require specific consideration when modeling: (i) strong rainfall intermittency, (ii) high variability of intensities within storms, (iii) strong spatiotemporal correlation of intensities, and (iv) marked seasonality of storm properties. In this article, improvements for an existing stochastic generator of rainfall fields that models convective storms are presented. Notable novelties include (i) the ability to model precipitation event timing, (ii) an improved temporal disaggregation scheme representing the rainfall distribution at subevent scales, and (iii) using covariates to reflect seasonal changes in precipitation occurrence and marginal distribution parameters. Extreme values are explicitly considered in the distribution of storm event intensities. The simulator is calibrated and validated using 28 years of 5-min precipitation data from the 30-rain-gauge AMMA-CATCH network in the Sahelian region of southwest Niger. Both large propagative systems and smaller local convective precipitation are generated. Results show that simulator improvements coherently represent the local climatology. The simulator can generate scenarios for impact studies with accurate representation of convective precipitation characteristics.
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2020 |
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Amoussou, E., Awoye, H., Vodounon, H., Obahoundje, S., Camberlin, P., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2020). Climate and Extreme Rainfall Events in the Mono River Basin (West Africa): Investigating Future Changes with Regional Climate Models. Water, 12(3).
Abstract: This study characterizes the future changes in extreme rainfall and air temperature in the Mono river basin where the main economic activity is weather dependent and local populations are highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including flood inundations. Daily precipitation and temperature from observational datasets and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) output from REMO, RegCM, HadRM3, and RCA were used to analyze climatic variations in space and time, and fit a GEV model to investigate the extreme rainfalls and their return periods. The results indicate that the realism of the simulated climate in this domain is mainly controlled by the choice of the RCMs. These RCMs projected a 1 to 1.5 degrees C temperature increase by 2050 while the projected trends for cumulated precipitation are null or very moderate and diverge among models. Contrasting results were obtained for the intense rainfall events, with RegCM and HadRM3 pointing to a significant increase in the intensity of extreme rainfall events. The GEV model is well suited for the prediction of heavy rainfall events although there are uncertainties beyond the 90th percentile. The annual maxima of daily precipitation will also increase by 2050 and could be of benefit to the ecosystem services and socioeconomic activities in the Mono river basin but could also be a threat.
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Amoussou, E., Awoye, H., Vodounon, H., Obahoundje, S., Camberlin, P., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2020). Climate and Extreme Rainfall Events in the Mono River Basin (West Africa): Investigating Future Changes with Regional Climate Models. Water, 12(3).
Abstract: This study characterizes the future changes in extreme rainfall and air temperature in the Mono river basin where the main economic activity is weather dependent and local populations are highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including flood inundations. Daily precipitation and temperature from observational datasets and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) output from REMO, RegCM, HadRM3, and RCA were used to analyze climatic variations in space and time, and fit a GEV model to investigate the extreme rainfalls and their return periods. The results indicate that the realism of the simulated climate in this domain is mainly controlled by the choice of the RCMs. These RCMs projected a 1 to 1.5 degrees C temperature increase by 2050 while the projected trends for cumulated precipitation are null or very moderate and diverge among models. Contrasting results were obtained for the intense rainfall events, with RegCM and HadRM3 pointing to a significant increase in the intensity of extreme rainfall events. The GEV model is well suited for the prediction of heavy rainfall events although there are uncertainties beyond the 90th percentile. The annual maxima of daily precipitation will also increase by 2050 and could be of benefit to the ecosystem services and socioeconomic activities in the Mono river basin but could also be a threat.
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Ayar, P., Blanchet, J., Paquet, E., & Penot, D. (2020). Space-time simulation of precipitation based on weather pattern sub-sampling and meta-Gaussian model. Journal Of Hydrology, 581.
Abstract: Simulation methods for design flood estimations in dam safety studies require fine scale precipitation data to provide quality input for hydrological models, especially for extrapolation to extreme events. This leads to use statistical models such as stochastic weather generators. The aim here is to develop a stochastic model adaptable on mountainous catchments in France and accounting for spatial and temporal dependencies in daily precipitation fields. To achieve this goal, the framework of spatial random processes is adopted here. The novelty of the model developed in this study resides in the combination of an autoregressive meta-Gaussian process accounting for the spatio-temporal dependencies and weather pattern sub-sampling discriminating the different rainfall intensity classes. The model is tested from rain gauges in the Ardeche catchment located in South of France. The model estimation is performed in four steps, dealing respectively with: (i) the at-site marginal distribution, (ii) the mapping of the marginal distribution parameters at the target resolution, (iii) the at-site temporal correlation and (iv) the spatial covariance function. The model simulations are evaluated in terms of marginal distribution, inter-site dependence and areal rainfall properties and compared to the observations at calibration stations and also on a set of independent validation stations. Regarding all these aspects, the model shows good abilities to reproduce the observed statistics and presents really small discrepancies compared to the stations data. The sub-sampling is particularly efficient to reproduce the seasonal variations and the marginal mapping procedure induces very small differences in terms of daily rain amounts and daily occurrence probabilities.
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Bichet, A., Diedhiou, A., Hingray, B., Evin, G., Toure, N., Browne, K., et al. (2020). Assessing uncertainties in the regional projections of precipitation in CORDEX-AFRICA. Climatic Change, .
Abstract: Over the past decades, large variations of precipitation were observed in Africa, which often led to dramatic consequences for local society and economy. To avoid such disasters in the future, it is crucial to better anticipate the expected changes, especially in the current context of climate change and population growth. To this date, however, projections of precipitation over Africa are still associated with very large uncertainties. To better understand how this uncertainty can be reduced, this study uses an advanced Bayesian analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to characterize, for the first time in the regional climate projections of CORDEX-AFRICA, the different sources of uncertainty associated with the projections of precipitation over Africa. By 2090, the ensemble mean precipitation is projected to increase over the Horn of Africa from September to May and over the eastern Sahel and Guinea Coast from June to November. It is projected to decrease over the northern coast and southern Africa all year long, over western Sahel from March to August, and over the Sahel and Guinea Coast from March to May. Most of these projections however are not robust, i.e., the magnitude of change is smaller than the associated uncertainty. Over time, the relative contribution of internal variability (excluding interannual variability) to total uncertainty is moderate and quickly falls below 10%. By 2090, it is found that over the Horn of Africa, northern coast, southern Africa, and Sahel, most of the uncertainty results from a large dispersion across the driving Global Climate Models (in particular MIROC, CSIRO, CCCma, and IPSL), whereas over the tropics and parts of eastern Africa, most of the uncertainty results from a large dispersion across Regional Climate Models (in particular CLMcom).
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Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. (2020). Explaining Rainfall Accumulations over Several Days in the French Alps Using Low-Dimensional Atmospheric Predictors Based on Analogy. Journal Of Applied Meteorology And Climatology, 59(2), 237–250.
Abstract: We propose a new approach to explain multiday rainfall accumulation over a French Alpine watershed using large-scale atmospheric predictors based on analogy. The classical analogy framework associates a rainfall cumulative distribution function (CDF) with a given atmospheric situation from the precipitation accumulations yielded by the closest situations. The analogy may apply to single-day or multiday sequences of pressure fields. The proposed approach represents a paradigm shift in analogy. It relies on the similarity of the local topology mapping the pressure field sequences, somehow forgetting the pressure fields per se. This topology is summarized by the way the sequences of pressure fields resemble their neighbors (dimensional predictors) and how fast they evolve in time (dynamical predictors). Although some information-and hence predictability-is expected to be lost when compared with classical analogy, this approach provides new insight on the atmospheric features generating rainfall CDFs. We apply both approaches to geopotential heights over western Europe in view of assessing 3-day rainfall accumulations over the Isere River catchment at Grenoble, France. Results show that dimensional predictors are the most skillful features for predicting 3-day rainfall-bringing alone 60% of the predictability of the classical analogy approach-whereas the dynamical predictors are less explicative. These results open new directions of research that the classical analogy approach cannot handle. They show, for instance, that both dry sequences and strong rainfall sequences are associated with singular 500-hPa geopotential shapes acting as local attractors-a way of explaining the change in rainfall CDFs in a changing climate.
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Blanchet, J., & Melese, V. (2020). A Bayesian Framework for the Multiscale Assessment of Storm Severity and Related Uncertainties. Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 21(1), 109–122.
Abstract: This article proposes a statistical framework for assessing the multiscale severity of a given storm at a given location. By severity we refer to the rareness of the storm event, as measured by the return period. Rather than focusing on predetermined spatiotemporal scales, we consider a model assessing the return period of a storm event observed across the continuum of durations and areas around a focus location. We develop a Bayesian intensity-duration-area-frequency model based on extreme value distribution and space-time scale invariance hypotheses. The model allows us to derive an analytical expression of the return period for any duration and area, while the Bayesian framework allows us by construction to assess the related uncertainties. We apply this framework to high-resolution radar-rain gauge reanalysis data covering a mountainous region of southern France during the autumns 2008-15 and comprising 50 rain events. We estimate the model at two grid points located a few kilometers apart on either side of the mountain crest, considering spatiotemporal scales ranging over 3-48 h and 1-2025 km(2). We show that at all scales and for all significant events, the return period uncertainties are skewed to the right, evidencing the need of considering uncertainty to avoid systematic risk underestimation. We also reveal the large variability of the storm severity both at short distance and across scales, due to both the natural variability of rainfall and the mask effect induced by the mountain crest.
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Braud, I., Chaffard, V., Coussot, C., Galle, S., Juen, P., Alexandre, H., et al. (2020). Building the information system of the French Critical Zone Observatories network: Theia/OZCAR-IS. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, .
Abstract: The French Critical Zone research infrastructure, OZCAR-RI, gathers 20 observatories sampling various compartments of the critical zone, each having developed their own data management and distribution systems. A common information system (Theia/OZCAR IS) was built to make theirin situobservation FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable). The IS architecture was designed after consultation of the users, data producers and IT teams involved in data management. A common data model based on various metadata standards was defined to create information fluxes between observatories' ISs and the Theia/OZCAR IS. Controlled vocabularies were defined to develop a data discovery web portal offering a faceted search with various criteria, including variables names and categories that were harmonized in a thesaurus published on the web. This paper describes the IS architecture, the pivot data model and open-source solutions used to implement data discovery, and future steps to implement data downloading and interoperability services.
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Danso, D., Anquetin, S., Diedhiou, A., & Adamou, R. (2020). Cloudiness Information Services for Solar Energy Management in West Africa. Atmosphere, 11(8).
Abstract: In West Africa (WA), interest in solar energy development has risen in recent years with many planned and ongoing projects currently in the region. However, a major drawback to this development in the region is the intense cloud cover that reduces the incoming solar radiation when present and causes fluctuations in solar power production. Therefore, understanding the occurrence of clouds and their link to the surface solar radiation in the region is important for making plans to manage future solar energy production. In this study, we use the state-of-the-art European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis (ERA5) dataset to examine the occurrence and persistence of cloudy and clear-sky conditions in the region. Then, we investigate the effects of cloud cover on the quantity and variability of the incoming solar radiation. The cloud shortwave radiation attenuation (CRASW down arrow) is used to quantify the amount of incoming solar radiation that is lost due to clouds. The results showed that the attenuation of incoming solar radiation is stronger in all months over the southern part of WA near the Guinea Coast. Across the whole region, the maximum attenuation occurs in August, with a meanCRASW down arrow of about 55% over southern WA and between 20% and 35% in the Sahelian region. Southern WA is characterized by a higher occurrence of persistent cloudy conditions, while the Sahel region and northern WA are associated with frequent clear-sky conditions. Nonetheless, continuous periods with extremely low surface solar radiation were found to be few over the whole region. The analysis also showed that the surface solar radiation received from November to April only varies marginally from one year to the other. However, there is a higher uncertainty during the core of the monsoon season (June to October) with regard to the quantity of incoming solar radiation. The results obtained show the need for robust management plans to ensure the long-term success of solar energy projects in the region.
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Danso, D., Anquetin, S., Diedhiou, A., Kouadio, K., & Kobea, A. (2020). Daytime low-level clouds in West Africa – occurrence, associated drivers, and shortwave radiation attenuation. Earth System Dynamics, 11(4), 1133–1152.
Abstract: This study focuses on daytime low-level clouds (LLCs) that occur within the first 2 km of the atmosphere over West Africa (WA). These daytime LLCs play a major role in the earth's radiative balance, yet their understanding is still relatively low in WA. We use the state-of-the-art ERA5 dataset to understand their occurrence and associated drivers as well as their impact on the incoming surface solar radiation in the two contrasting Guinean and Sahelian regions of WA. The diurnal cycle of the daytime occurrence of three LLC classes namely No LCC, LLC Class-1 (LLCs with lower fraction), and LLC Class-2 (LLCs with higher fraction) is first studied. The monthly evolutions of hourly and long-lasting LLC (for at least 6 consecutive hours) events are then analyzed as well as the synoptic-scale moisture flux associated with the long-lasting LLC events. Finally, the impact of LLC on the surface heat fluxes and the incoming solar irradiance is investigated. During the summer months in the Guinean region, LLC Class-1 occurrence is low, while LLC Class-2 is frequent (occurrence frequency around 75 % in August). In the Sahel, LLC Class-1 is dominant in the summer months (occurrence frequency more than 80 % from June to October); however the peak occurrence frequency of Class-2 is also in the summer. In both regions, events with No LLC do not present any specific correlation with the time of the day. However, a diurnal evolution that appears to be strongly different from one region to the other is noted for the occurrence of LLC Class-2. LLC occurrence in both regions is associated with high moisture flux driven by strong southwesterly winds from the Gulf of Guinea and significant background moisture levels. LLC Class-2 in particular leads to a significant reduction in the upward transfer of energy and a net downward energy transfer caused by the release of large amounts of energy in the atmosphere during the cloud formation. In July, August, and September (JAS), most of the LLC Class-2 events may likely be the low-level stratiform clouds that occur frequently over the Guinean region, while they may be deep convective clouds in the Sahel. Additionally, LLC Class-2 causes high attenuation of the incoming solar radiation, especially during JAS, where about 49 % and 44 % of the downwelling surface shortwave radiation is lost on average in Guinea and the Sahel, respectively.
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Delrieu, G., Khanal, A., Yu, N., Cazenave, F., Boudevillain, B., & Gaussiat, N. (2020). Preliminary investigation of the relationship between differential phase shift and path-integrated attenuation at the X band frequency in an Alpine environment. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 13(7), 3731–3749.
Abstract: The RadAlp experiment aims at developing advanced methods for rainfall and snowfall estimation using weather radar remote sensing techniques in high mountain regions for improved water resource assessment and hydrological risk mitigation. A unique observation system has been deployed since 2016 in the Grenoble region of France. It is composed of an X-band radar operated by Meteo-France on top of the Moucherotte mountain (1901m above sea level; hereinafter MOUC radar). In the Grenoble valley (220m above sea level; hereinafter a.s.l.), we operate a research X-band radar called XPORT and in situ sensors (weather station, rain gauge and disdrometer). In this paper we present a methodology for studying the relationship between the differential phase shift due to propagation in precipitation (Phi(dp)) and path-integrated attenuation (PIA) at X band. This relationship is critical for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) based on polarimetry due to severe attenuation effects in rain at the considered frequency. Furthermore, this relationship is still poorly documented in the melting layer (ML) due to the complexity of the hydrometeors' distributions in terms of size, shape and density. The available observation system offers promising features to improve this understanding and to subsequently better process the radar observations in the ML. We use the mountain reference technique (MRT) for direct PIA estimations associated with the decrease in returns from mountain targets during precipitation events. The polarimetric PIA estimations are based on the regularization of the profiles of the total differential phase shift (Psi(dp)) from which the profiles of the specific differential phase shift on propagation (K-dp) are derived. This is followed by the application of relationships between the specific attenuation (k) and the specific differential phase shift. Such k-K-dp relationships are estimated for rain by using drop size distribution (DSD) measurements available at ground level. Two sets of precipitation events are considered in this preliminary study, namely (i) nine convective cases with high rain rates which allow us to study the phi(dp)-PIA relationship in rain, and (ii) a stratiform case with moderate rain rates, for which the melting layer (ML) rose up from about 1000 up to 2500ma.s.l., where we were able to perform a horizontal scanning of the ML with the MOUC radar and a detailed analysis of the phi(dp)-PIA relationship in the various layers of the ML. A common methodology was developed for the two configurations with some specific parameterizations. The various sources of error affecting the two PIA estimators are discussed, namely the stability of the dry weather mountain reference targets, radome attenuation, noise of the total differential phase shift profiles, contamination due to the differential phase shift on backscatter and relevance of the k-K-dp relationship derived from DSD measurements, etc. In the end, the rain case study indicates that the relationship between MRT-derived PIAs and polarimetry-derived PIAs presents an overall coherence but quite a considerable dispersion (explained variance of 0.77). Interestingly, the nonlinear k-K-dp relationship derived from independent DSD measurements yields almost unbiased PIA estimates. For the stratiform case, clear signatures of the MRT-derived PIAs, the corresponding phi(dp) value and their ratio are evidenced within the ML. In particular, the averaged PIA/phi(dp) ratio, a proxy for the slope of a linear k-K-dp relationship in the ML, peaks at the level of the copolar correlation coefficient (rho(hv)) peak, just below the reflectivity peak, with a value of about 0.42 dB per degree. Its value in rain below the ML is 0.33 dB per degree, which is in rather good agreement with the slope of the linear k-K-dp relationship derived from DSD measurements at ground level. The PIA/phi(dp) ratio remains quite high in the upper part of the ML, between 0.32 and 0.38 dB per degree, before tending towards 0 above the ML.
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Descroix, L., Faty, B., Manga, S., Diedhiou, A., Lambert, L., Soumare, S., et al. (2020). Are the Fouta Djallon Highlands Still the Water Tower of West Africa? Water, 12(11).
Abstract: A large share of surface water resources in Sahelian countries originates from Guinea's Fouta Djallon highlands, earning the area the name of “the water tower of West Africa”. This paper aims to investigate the recent dynamics of the Fouta Djallon's hydrological functioning. The evolution of the runoff and depletion coefficients are analyzed as well as their correlations with the rainfall and vegetation cover. The latter is described at three different space scales and with different methods. Twenty-five years after the end of the 1968-1993 major drought, annual discharges continue to slowly increase, nearly reaching a long-term average, as natural reservoirs which emptied to sustain streamflows during the drought have been replenishing since the 1990s, explaining the slow increase in discharges. However, another important trend has been detected since the beginning of the drought, i.e., the increase in the depletion coefficient of most of the Fouta Djallon upper basins, as a consequence of the reduction in the soil water-holding capacity. After confirming the pertinence and significance of this increase and subsequent decrease in the depletion coefficient, this paper identifies the factors possibly linked with the basins' storage capacity trends. The densely populated areas of the summit plateau are also shown to be the ones where vegetation cover is not threatened and where ecological intensification of rural activities is ancient.
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Descroix, L., Sane, Y., Thior, M., Manga, S., Ba, B., Mingou, J., et al. (2020). Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery? Water, 12(3).
Abstract: In West Africa, as in many other estuaries, enormous volumes of marine water are entering the continent. Fresh water discharge is very low, and it is commonly strongly linked to rainfall level. Some of these estuaries are inverse estuaries. During the Great Sahelian Drought (1968-1993), their hyperhaline feature was exacerbated. This paper aims to describe the evolution of the two main West African inverse estuaries, those of the Saloum River and the Casamance River, since the end of the drought. Water salinity measurements were carried out over three to five years according to the sites in order to document this evolution and to compare data with the historical ones collected during the long dry period at the end of 20th century. The results show that in both estuaries, the mean water salinity values have markedly decreased since the end of the drought. However, the Saloum estuary remains a totally inverse estuary, while for the Casamance River, the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is the location of the salinity maximum, and it moves according to the seasons from a location 1-10 km downwards from the upstream estuary entry, during the dry season, to a location 40-70 km downwards from this point, during the rainy season. These observations fit with the functioning of the mangrove, the West African mangrove being among the few in the world that are markedly increasing since the beginning of the 1990s and the end of the dry period, as mangrove growth is favored by the relative salinity reduction. Finally, one of the inverse estuary behavior factors is the low fresh water incoming from the continent. The small area of the Casamance and Saloum basins (20,150 and 26,500 km(2) respectively) is to be compared with the basins of their two main neighbor basins, the Gambia River and the Senegal River, which provide significant fresh water discharge to their estuary.
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Descroix, L., Sane, Y., Thior, M., Manga, S., Ba, B., Mingou, J., et al. (2020). Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery? Water, 12(3).
Abstract: In West Africa, as in many other estuaries, enormous volumes of marine water are entering the continent. Fresh water discharge is very low, and it is commonly strongly linked to rainfall level. Some of these estuaries are inverse estuaries. During the Great Sahelian Drought (1968-1993), their hyperhaline feature was exacerbated. This paper aims to describe the evolution of the two main West African inverse estuaries, those of the Saloum River and the Casamance River, since the end of the drought. Water salinity measurements were carried out over three to five years according to the sites in order to document this evolution and to compare data with the historical ones collected during the long dry period at the end of 20th century. The results show that in both estuaries, the mean water salinity values have markedly decreased since the end of the drought. However, the Saloum estuary remains a totally inverse estuary, while for the Casamance River, the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is the location of the salinity maximum, and it moves according to the seasons from a location 1-10 km downwards from the upstream estuary entry, during the dry season, to a location 40-70 km downwards from this point, during the rainy season. These observations fit with the functioning of the mangrove, the West African mangrove being among the few in the world that are markedly increasing since the beginning of the 1990s and the end of the dry period, as mangrove growth is favored by the relative salinity reduction. Finally, one of the inverse estuary behavior factors is the low fresh water incoming from the continent. The small area of the Casamance and Saloum basins (20,150 and 26,500 km(2) respectively) is to be compared with the basins of their two main neighbor basins, the Gambia River and the Senegal River, which provide significant fresh water discharge to their estuary.
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Didi S.R.M., Ly, M., Kouadio, K., Bichet, A., Diedhiou, A., Coulibaly, J. S. L., et al. (2020). Using the CHIRPS Dataset to Investigate Historical Changes in Precipitation Extremes in West Africa. Climate, 8(7).
Abstract: This study aims to provide improved knowledge and evidence on current (1986-2015) climate variation based on six rainfall indices over five West African countries (Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Benin) using the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset. On average, precipitation has increased over the central Sahel and the western Sahel. This increase is associated with increase in the number of rainy days, longer wet spells and shorter dry spells. Over the Guinea Coast, the slight increase in precipitation is associated with an increase in the intensity of rainfall with a shorter duration of wet spells. However, these mean changes in precipitation are not all statistically significant and uniform within a country. While previous studies are focused on regional and sub-regional scales, this study contributes to deliver a climate information at a country level that is more relevant for decision making and for policy makers, and to document climate-related risks within a country to feed impact studies in key sectors of the development, such as agriculture and water resources.
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Kebe, I., Diallo, I., Sylla, M., De Sales, F., & Diedhiou, A. (2020). Late 21st Century Projected Changes in the Relationship between Precipitation, African Easterly Jet, and African Easterly Waves. Atmosphere, 11(4).
Abstract: The present study utilizes three high-resolution simulations from the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) to examine the late 21st century changes (2080-2099) in the West African Monsoon (WAM) features. A set of three Earth System Models are utilized to provide initial and lateral boundary conditions to the RegCM4 experiments. Our analysis focuses on seasonal mean changes in WAM large-scale dynamical features, along with their connections with the summer monsoon precipitation. In the historical period, the simulation ensemble means mimic reasonably well the intensity and spatial distribution of the WAM rainfall as well as the WAM circulation patterns at different scales. The future projection of the WAM climate exhibits warming over the whole West Africa leading to precipitation reduction over the Sahel region, and a slight increase over some areas of the Guinea Coast. The position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) is shifted southward and the African Easterly Waves (AEWs) activities are reduced, which affect in turn the WAM rainbelt characteristics in terms of position and strength. Overall the changes in simulated AEJ and AEWs contribute substantially to reduce the seasonal summer mean precipitation in West Africa by the late 21st century, with prevailing negative changes in the Savanna-Sahel region. To further explore the robustness of the relationships revealed in this paper, future studies using different high-resolution regional climate models with large ensemble are recommended.
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Khedhaouiria, D., Mailhot, A., & Favre, A. (2020). Regional modeling of daily precipitation fields across the Great Lakes region (Canada) using the CFSR reanalysis. Stochastic Environmental Research And Risk Assessment, 34(9), 1385–1405.
Abstract: High densities of local-scale daily precipitation series across relatively large domains are of special interest for a wide range of applications (e.g., hydrological modeling, agriculture). The focus of the present study is to post-process gridded precipitation from a single reanalysis to correct bias and scale mismatch with observations, and to extend the same post-processing at sites without historical data. A Stochastic Model Output Statistical approach combined with meta-Gaussian spatiotemporal random fields, calibrated at sites, is employed to post-process the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) precipitation. The post-processed data, characterized by local parameters, is then mapped across the Great Lakes region (Canada) using two different approaches: (1) kriging, and (2) Vector Generalized Additive Model (VGAM) with spatial covariates. The kriging enables the interpolation of these parameters, while the spatial VGAM helps to spatially post-process CFSR precipitation using a single model. Thek-fold cross-validation procedure is employed to assess the ability of the two approaches to predict selected characteristics and climate indices. The kriging and spatial VGAM approaches modeled effectively the distribution of the precipitation process to similar extents (e.g., mean daily precipitation, variability and the number of wet days). The kriging approach produces slightly better estimates of climate indices than the spatial VGAM models. Both approaches demonstrate significant improvement of the metric estimation compared to those of CFSR without post-processing.
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Kouadio, K., Amoussou, E., Coulibaly, T., Diedhiou, A., Coulibaly, H., Didi, R., et al. (2020). Analysis of hydrological dynamics and hydropower generation in a West African anthropized watershed in a context of climate change. Modeling Earth Systems And Environment, .
Abstract: This study was conducted in the Bandama watershed (BW) in Cote d'Ivoire (West Africa). The objective is to analyze hydrological dynamics and hydropower generation in BW in a context of climate change. The methodology is based on the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) used to interpolate rainfall and on statistical tests (Normality, Buishand, Pettitt and Hubert) applied on hydrometeorological and hydrometric data to analyze the hydrological functioning of BW. Hydropower generation at Kossou dam was analyzed with Pearson Chi square independence method according to Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of CMIP5 (coupled model intercomparison project phase 5) and CORDEX-AFRICA (coordinated regional climate downscaling experiment). The results showed the variability of rainfall as well monthly, seasonal as annual from 1980 to 2013; the hydroclimatic variability in the basin characterized by the presence of breaks in stationarity in 1998 and 2008, and the variability of flow. The Buishand and Pettitt tests described these two ruptures. The segmentation of Hubert specified three sub-periods. The results also showed that there is an alternation of wet and dry periods followed by a slight resumption. The climate projection scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5 have shown that the change in the variability of rainfall and flow in the BW will have a negative impact on hydropower generation at Kossou from 2030 to 2050.
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Lavaysse, C., Stockdale, T., Mccormick, N., & Vogt, J. (2020). Evaluation of a New Precipitation-Based Index for Global Seasonal Forecasting of Unusually Wet and Dry Periods. Weather And Forecasting, 35(4), 1189–1202.
Abstract: This paper describes the assessment of the performance of a method for providing early warnings of unusually wet and dry precipitation conditions globally. The indicator that is used for forecasting these conditions is computed from forecasted standardized precipitation index (SPI) values for accumulation periods of 1, 3, and 6 months. The SPI forecasts are derived from forecasted precipitation produced by the latest probabilistic seasonal forecast of ECMWF. Early warnings of unusual precipitation periods are shown only when and where the forecast is considered robust (i.e., with at least 40% of ensemble members associated with intense forecasts), and corresponding with significant SPI values (i.e., below 21 for dry, or above 11 for wet conditions). The intensity of the forecasted events is derived based on the extreme forecast index and associated shift of tails products developed by ECMWF. Different warning levels are then assessed, depending on the return period of the forecast intensity, and the coherence of the ensemble forecast members. The assessment of the indicators performance is based on the 25-member ensemble forecast system that is carried out everymonth during the 36 years of the hindcast period (1981-2016). The results showthat significant information is provided even for the longest lead time, albeit with a large variability across the globe with the highest scores over central Russia, SoutheastAsia, and the northern part of SouthAmerica orAustralia. Because of the loss of predictability, each SPI is based on the first lead time. Asensitivity test highlights the influence on the robustness of the forecasts of the warning levels used, as well as the effects of prior conditions and of seasonality.
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Le Roux, E., Evin, G., Eckert, N., Blanchet, J., & Morin, S. (2020). Non-stationary extreme value analysis of ground snow loads in the French Alps: a comparison with building standards. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 20(11), 2961–2977.
Abstract: In a context of climate change, trends in extreme snow loads need to be determined to minimize the risk of structure collapse. We study trends in 50-year return levels of ground snow load (GSL) using non-stationary extreme value models. These trends are assessed at a mountain massif scale from GSL data, provided for the French Alps from 1959 to 2019 by a meteorological reanalysis and a snowpack model. Our results indicate a temporal decrease in 50-year return levels from 900 to 4200 m, significant in the northwest of the French Alps up to 2100 m. We detect the most important decrease at 900m with an average of -30% for return levels between 1960 and 2010. Despite these decreases, in 2019 return levels still exceed return levels designed for French building standards under a stationary assumption. At worst (i.e. at 1800 m), return levels exceed standards by 15% on average, and half of the massifs exceed standards. We believe that these exceedances are due to questionable assumptions concerning the computation of standards. For example, these were devised with GSL, estimated from snow depth maxima and constant snow density set to 150 kg m(-3), which underestimate typical GSL values for the snowpack.
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Menegoz, M., Valla, E., Jourdain, N., Blanchet, J., Beaumet, J., Wilhelm, B., et al. (2020). Contrasting seasonal changes in total and intense precipitation in the European Alps from 1903 to 2010. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 24(11), 5355–5377.
Abstract: Changes in precipitation over the European Alps are investigated with the regional climate model MAR (Modele Atmospherique Regional) applied with a 7 km resolution over the period 1903-2010 using the reanalysis ERA-20C as forcing. A comparison with several observational datasets demonstrates that the model is able to reproduce the climatology as well as both the interannual variability and the seasonal cycle of precipitation over the European Alps. The relatively high resolution allows us to estimate precipitation at high elevations. The vertical gradient of precipitation simulated by MAR over the European Alps reaches 33% km(-1) (1.21mm d(-1) km(-1)) in summer and 38% km(-1) (1.15 mm d(-1) km(-1)) in winter, on average, over 1971-2008 and shows a large spatial variability. A significant (p value < 0.05) increase in mean winter precipitation is simulated in the northwestern Alps over 1903-2010, with changes typically reaching 20% to 40% per century. This increase is mainly explained by a stronger simple daily intensity index (SDII) and is associated with less-frequent but longer wet spells. A general drying is found in summer over the same period, exceeding 20% to 30% per century in the western plains and 40% to 50% per century in the southern plains surrounding the Alps but remaining much smaller (< 10 %) and not significant above 1500 ma.s.l. Below this level, the summer drying is explained by a reduction in the number of wet days, reaching 20% per century over the northwestern part of the Alps and 30% to 50% per century in the southern part of the Alps. It is associated with shorter but more-frequent wet spells. The centennial trends are modulated over the last decades, with the drying occurring in the plains in winter also affecting high-altitude areas during this season and with a positive trend of autumn precipitation occurring only over the last decades all over the Alps. Maximum daily precipitation index (Rx1day) takes its highest values in autumn in both the western and the eastern parts of the southern Alps, locally reaching 50 to 70 mm d(-1) on average over 1903-2010. Centennial maxima up to 250 to 300 mm d(-1) are simulated in the southern Alps, in France and Italy, as well as in the Ticino valley in Switzerland. Over 1903-2010, seasonal Rx1day shows a general and significant increase at the annual timescale and also during the four seasons, reaching local values between 20% and 40% per century over large parts of the Alps and the Apennines. Trends of Rx1day are significant (p value < 0.05) only when considering long time series, typically 50 to 80 years depending on the area considered. Some of these trends are nonetheless significant when computed over 1970-2010, suggesting a recent acceleration of the increase in extreme precipitation, whereas earlier periods with strong precipitation also occurred, in particular during the 1950s and 1960s.
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Petit, J., & Raynaud, D. (2020). Forty years of ice-core records of CO2. Nature, 579(7800), 505–506. |
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Rapuc, W., Jacq, K., Develle, A., Sabatier, P., Fanget, B., Perrette, Y., et al. (2020). XRF and hyperspectral analyses as an automatic way to detect flood events in sediment cores. Sedimentary Geology, 409.
Abstract: Long-term changes in flood activity have often been reconstructed to understand their relationships to climate changes. This requires identification of flood layers according to certain characteristics (e.g., texture, geochemical composition, grain-size) and then to count them using naked-eye observation. This method is, however, time-consuming, and intrinsically characterized by a low resolution that may lead to bias and misidentification. To overcome this limitation, high-resolution analytical approaches can be used, such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray computed tomography, or hyperspectral imaging (HSI). When coupled with discriminant algorithms, HSI allows for automatic identification of event layers. Here, we propose a new method of flood layers identification and counting based on the combination of both HSI and XRF core scanner analyses, applied to a Lake Bourget (French Alps) sediment sequence. We use a hyperspectral sensor from the short wave-infrared spectral range to create a discrimination model between event layers and continuous sedimentation. This first step allows the estimation of a classification map, with a prediction accuracy of 0.96, and then the automatic reconstruction of a reliable chronicle of event layers (induding their occurrence and deposit thicknesses). XRF signals are then used to discriminate flood layers among all identified event layers based on site-specific geochemical elements (in the case of Lake Bourget: Mn and Ti). This results in an automatically generated flood chronide. Changes in flood occurrence and event thickness through time reconstructed from the automatically generated floods chronicle are in good agreement with the naked-eye-generated chronicle. In detail, differences rely on a larger number of detected flood events (i.e., increase of 9% of the number of layers detected) and a more precise layer thickness estimation, thanks to a higher resolution. Therefore, the developed methodology opens a promising avenue to increase both the efficiency (time-saving) and robustness ( higher accuracy) of paleoflood reconstructions from lake sediments. Also, this methodology can be applied to identify any specific layers (e.g., varve, tephra, mass-movement turbidite, tsunami) and, thereby, it has a direct implication in paleolimnology. paleoflood hydrology and paleoseismology from sediment archives. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Raynaud, D., Hingray, B., Evin, G., Favre, A., & Chardon, J. (2020). Assessment of meteorological extremes using a synoptic weather generator and a downscaling model based on analogues. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 24(9), 4339–4352.
Abstract: Natural risk studies such as flood risk assessments require long series of weather variables. As an alternative to observed series, which have a limited length, these data can be provided by weather generators. Among the large variety of existing ones, resampling methods based on analogues have the advantage of guaranteeing the physical consistency between local weather variables at each time step. However, they cannot generate values of predictands exceeding the range of observed values. Moreover, the length of the simulated series is typically limited to the length of the synoptic meteorological records used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric configuration of the generation day. To overcome these limitations, the stochastic weather generator proposed in this study combines two sampling approaches based on atmospheric analogues: (1) a synoptic weather generator in a first step, which recombines days of the 20th century to generate a 1000-year sequence of new atmospheric trajectories, and (2) a stochastic downscaling model in a second step applied to these atmospheric trajectories, in order to simulate long time series of daily regional precipitation and temperature. The method is applied to daily time series of mean areal precipitation and temperature in Switzerland. It is shown that the climatological characteristics of observed precipitation and temperature are adequately reproduced. It also improves the reproduction of extreme precipitation values, overcoming previous limitations of standard analogue-based weather generators.
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Tencaliec, P., Favre, A., Naveau, P., Prieur, C., & Nicolet, G. (2020). Flexible semiparametric generalized Pareto modeling of the entire range of rainfall amount. Environmetrics, 31(2).
Abstract: Precipitation amounts at daily or hourly scales are skewed to the right, and heavy rainfall is poorly modeled by a simple gamma distribution. An important yet challenging topic in hydrometeorology is to find a probability distribution that is able to model well low, moderate, and heavy rainfall. To address this issue, we present a semiparametric distribution suitable for modeling the entire range of rainfall amount. This model is based on a recent parametric statistical model called the class of extended generalized Pareto distributions (EGPDs). The EGPD family is in compliance with extreme value theory for both small and large values, while it keeps a smooth transition between these tails and bypasses the hurdle of selecting thresholds to define extremes. In particular, return levels beyond the largest observation can be inferred. To add flexibility to this EGPD class, we propose to model the transition function in a nonparametric fashion. A fast and efficient nonparametric scheme based on Bernstein polynomial approximations is investigated. We perform simulation studies to assess the performance of our approach. It is compared to two parametric models: a parametric EGPD and the classical generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), the latter being only fitted to excesses above a high threshold. We also apply our semiparametric version of EGPD to a large network of 180 precipitation time series over France.
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Todzo, S., Bichet, A., & Diedhiou, A. (2020). Intensification of the hydrological cycle expected in West Africa over the 21st century. Earth System Dynamics, 11(1), 319–328.
Abstract: This study uses the high-resolution outputs of the recent CORDEX-Africa climate projections to investigate the future changes in different aspects of the hydrological cycle over West Africa. Over the twenty-first century, temperatures in West Africa are expected to increase at a faster rate (+0.5 degrees C per decade) than the global average (+0.3 degrees C per decade), and mean precipitation is expected to increase over the Guinea Coast (+0.03 mm d(-1) per decade) but decrease over the Sahel (-0.005 mm d(-1) per decade). In addition, precipitation is expected to become more intense (+0.2 mm d(-1) per decade) and less frequent (-1.5 d per decade) over all of West Africa as a result of increasing regional temperature (precipitation intensity increases on average by +0.35 mm d(-1) degrees C-1 and precipitation frequency decreases on average by -2.2 d degrees C -1). Over the Sahel, the average length of dry spells is also expected to increase with temperature (+4 % d degrees C-1), which increases the likelihood for droughts with warming in this subregion. Hence, the hydrological cycle is expected to increase throughout the twenty-first century over all of West Africa, on average by +11 % degrees C-1 over the Sahel as a result of increasing precipitation intensity and lengthening of dry spells, and on average by +3 % degrees C-1 over the Guinea Coast as a result of increasing precipitation intensity only.
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Vegas-Vilarrubia, T., Rull, V., Trapote, M., Cao, M., Rosell-Mele, A., Buchaca, T., et al. (2020). Modern Analogue Approach Applied to High-Resolution Varved Sediments-A Synthesis for Lake Montcortes (Central Pyrenees). Quaternary, 3(1).
Abstract: In Quaternary paleosciences, the rationale behind analogical inference presupposes that former processes can be explained by causes operating now, although their intensity and rates can vary through time. In this paper we synthesised the results of different modern analogue studies performed in a varved lake. We discuss their potential value to obtain best results from high resolution past records. Different biogeochemical contemporary processes revealed seasonality and year-to-year variability, e.g., calcite precipitation, lake oxygenation, production and deposition of pollen and phytoplankton growth. Fingerprints of the first two of these processes were clearly evidenced in the varve-sublayers and allow understanding related to past events. Pollen studies suggested the possibility of identifying and characterizing seasonal layers even in the absence of varves. Marker pigments in the water column were tightly associated with phytoplankton groups living today; most of them were identified in the sediment record as well. We observed that 50% of these marker pigments were destroyed between deposition and permanent burying. In another study, seasonality in the production/distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) and derived temperature estimates were investigated in catchment soils and particles settling in the lake. The signatures of brGDGTs in depositional environments mainly were representative of stable conditions of soils in the catchment that last over decades; no brGDGTs seemed to be produced within the lake. The main contribution of this review is to show the advantages and limitations of a multiproxy modern-analogue approach in Lake Montcortes as a case study and proposing new working hypotheses for future research.
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Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W., Aliabadi, A., Bertram, A., Blanchet, J., Boivin-Rioux, A., et al. (2019). Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic. Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics, 19(4), 2527–2560.
Abstract: Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, this article summarizes recent advances made by the research consortium NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) that contribute to our fundamental understanding of Arctic aerosol particles as they relate to climate forcing. The overall goal of NETCARE research has been to use an interdisciplinary approach encompassing extensive field observations and a range of chemical transport, earth system, and biogeochemical models. Several major findings and advances have emerged from NETCARE since its formation in 2013. (1) Unexpectedly high summertime dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were identified in ocean water (up to 75 nM) and the overlying atmosphere (up to 1 ppbv) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Furthermore, melt ponds, which are widely prevalent, were identified as an important DMS source (with DMS concentrations of up to 6nM and a potential contribution to atmospheric DMS of 20% in the study area). (2) Evidence of widespread particle nucleation and growth in the marine boundary layer was found in the CAA in the summertime, with these events observed on 41% of days in a 2016 cruise. As well, at Alert, Nunavut, particles that are newly formed and grown under conditions of minimal anthropogenic influence during the months of July and August are estimated to contribute 20% to 80% of the 30-50 nm particle number density. DMS-oxidation-driven nucleation is facilitated by the presence of atmospheric ammonia arising from seabird-colony emissions, and potentially also from coastal regions, tundra, and biomass burning. Via accumulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a significant fraction of the new particles grow to sizes that are active in cloud droplet formation. Although the gaseous precursors to Arctic marine SOA remain poorly defined, the measured levels of common continental SOA precursors (isoprene and monoterpenes) were low, whereas elevated mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were inferred to arise via processes involving the sea surface microlayer. (3) The variability in the vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) under both springtime Arctic haze and more pristine summertime aerosol conditions was observed. Measured particle size distributions and mixing states were used to constrain, for the first time, calculations of aerosol-climate interactions under Arctic conditions. Aircraft- and ground-based measurements were used to better establish the BC source regions that supply the Arctic via long-range transport mechanisms, with evidence for a dominant springtime contribution from eastern and southern Asia to the middle troposphere, and a major contribution from northern Asia to the surface. (4) Measurements of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic indicate that a major source of these particles is mineral dust, likely derived from local sources in the summer and long-range transport in the spring. In addition, INPs are abundant in the sea surface microlayer in the Arctic, and possibly play a role in ice nucleation in the atmosphere when mineral dust concentrations are low. (5) Amongst multiple aerosol components, BC was observed to have the smallest effective deposition velocities to high Arctic snow (0.03 cm s(-1)).
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Bamba, A., Diallo, I., Toure, N., Kouadio, K., Konare, A., Drame, M., et al. (2019). Effect of the African greenbelt position on West African summer climate: a regional climate modeling study. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 137(1-2), 309–322.
Abstract: This modeling study is conducted to examine the potential impact of the reforestation (greenbelt) location (either in Sahel or in Guinean region) on West Africansummer climate system. To this end, three simulations using the regional climate model RegCM4 driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis were performed at 50km horizontal resolution over a West African domain for the period 2000-2011. The first experiment, namely the control (CTRL), uses the standard vegetation cover, while the two others incorporate throughout the model integration, a zonal reforestation band of evergreen broadleaf over different locations: (i) over a 13 degrees N-17 degrees N band latitudes in a Sahel-Sahara region (experiment hereafter referred to as GB15N) and (ii) between 8.5 degrees N-11.5 degrees N in the Guinea Coast region (experiment hereafter referred to as GB10N). A comparison of the CTRL experiment with observation reveals a faithful reproduction of the mean boreal and summer seasonal precipitation pattern, though substantial dry/wet biases remain, especially in the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the seasonal cycle over sub-regions matches satisfactory the observed pattern. The GB15N reforestation leads to a precipitation increase in the range of 2-4mm/day over the forested areas, whereas in the GB10N reforestation, precipitation increase is weaker and not necessarily located in the forested areas. Temperature cooling is observed over the reforested area and may be explained by a decrease of ground heat flux related to a reduction of the surface albedo.
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Bichet, A., Hingray, B., Evin, G., Diedhiou, A., Kebe, C., & Anquetin, S. (2019). Potential impact of climate change on solar resource in Africa for photovoltaic energy: analyses from CORDEX-AFRICA climate experiments. Environmental Research Letters, 14(12).
Abstract: The development of renewable electricity in Africa could be massive in coming decades, as a response to the rapid rising electricity demand while complying with the Paris Agreements. This study shows that in the high-resolution climate experiments of CORDEX-AFRICA, the annual mean solar potential is expected to decrease on average by 4% over most of the continent by the end of the century, reaching up to 6% over the Horn of Africa, as a direct result of decrease in solar radiation and increase in air surface temperature. These projections are associated with large uncertainties, in particular over the Sahel and the elevated terrains of eastern Africa. While the expected decrease may affect the sizing of the numerous solar projects planned in Africa for the next decades, this study suggests that it does not endanger their viability. At last, this study indicates that the design of such projects also needs to account for the non-negligible uncertainties associated with the resource.
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Blanchet, J., Paquet, E., Ayar, P., & Penot, D. (2019). Mapping rainfall hazard based on rain gauge data: an objective cross-validation framework for model selection. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 23(2), 829–849.
Abstract: We propose an objective framework for selecting rainfall hazard mapping models in a region starting from rain gauge data. Our methodology is based on the evaluation of several goodness-of-fit scores at regional scale in a cross-validation framework, allowing us to assess the goodness-of- fit of the rainfall cumulative distribution functions within the region but with a particular focus on their tail. Cross-validation is applied both to select the most appropriate statistical distribution at station locations and to validate the mapping of these distributions. To illustrate the framework, we consider daily rainfall in the Ardeche catchment in the south of France, a 2260 km(2) catchment with strong inhomogeneity in rainfall distribution. We compare several classical marginal distributions that are possibly mixed over seasons and weather patterns to account for the variety of climato-logical processes triggering precipitation, and several classical mapping methods. Among those tested, results show a preference for a mixture of Gamma distribution over seasons and weather patterns, with parameters interpolated with thin plate spline across the region.
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Borga, M., Comiti, F., Ruin, I., & Marra, F. (2019). Forensic analysis of flash flood response. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Water, 6(2).
Abstract: The last decade has witnessed the development of methodologies for the post-flood documentation of both hydrogeomorphological and social response to extreme precipitation. These investigations are particularly interesting for the case of flash floods, whose space-time scales make their observations by conventional hydrometeorological monitoring networks particularly challenging. Effective flash flood documentation requires post-flood survey strategies encompassing accurate radar estimation of rainfall, field and remote-sensing observations of the geomorphic processes, indirect reconstruction of peak discharges-as well eyewitness interviews. These latter can give valuable information on both flood dynamics and the related individual and collective responses. This study describes methods for post-flood surveys based on interdisciplinary collaborations between natural and social scientists. These surveys may help to better understand the links between hydrometeorological dynamics and geomorphic processes as well as the relationship between flood dynamics and behavioral response in the context of fast space-time changes of flooding conditions. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Methods Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
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Brunner, M., Furrer, R., & Favre, A. (2019). Modeling the spatial dependence of floods using the Fisher copula. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 23(1), 107–124.
Abstract: Floods often affect not only a single location, but also a whole region. Flood frequency analysis should therefore be undertaken at a regional scale which requires the considerations of the dependence of events at different locations. This dependence is often neglected even though its consideration is essential to derive reliable flood estimates. A model used in regional multivariate frequency analysis should ideally consider the dependence of events at multiple sites which might show dependence in the lower and/or upper tail of the distribution. We here seek to propose a simple model that on the one hand considers this dependence with respect to the network structure of the region and on the other hand allows for the simulation of stochastic event sets at both gauged and ungauged locations. The new Fisher copula model is used for representing the spatial dependence of flood events in the nested Thur catchment in Switzerland. Flood event samples generated for the gauged stations using the Fisher copula are compared to samples generated by other dependence models allowing for modeling of multivariate data including elliptical copulas, R-vine copulas, and max-stable models. The comparison of the dependence structures of the generated samples shows that the Fisher copula is a suitable model for capturing the spatial dependence in the data. We therefore use the copula in a way such that it can be used in an interpolation context to simulate event sets comprising gauged and ungauged locations. The spatial event sets generated using the Fisher copula well capture the general dependence structure in the data and the upper tail dependence, which is of particular interest when looking at extreme flood events and when extrapolating to higher return periods. The Fisher copula was for a medium-sized catchment found to be a suit-able model for the stochastic simulation of flood event sets at multiple gauged and ungauged locations.
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Brunner, M., Hingray, B., Zappa, M., & Favre, A. (2019). Future Trends in the Interdependence Between Flood Peaks and Volumes: Hydro-Climatological Drivers and Uncertainty. Water Resources Research, 55(6), 4745–4759.
Abstract: Reliable flood estimates are needed for designing safe and cost-effective flood protection structures. Classical flood estimation methods applied for deriving such estimates focus on peak discharge and neglect other important flood characteristics such as flood volume and the interdependence among different flood characteristics. Furthermore, they do not account for potential nonstationarities in hydrological time series due to climate change. The consideration of both the interdependence between peak discharge and flood volume and its nonstationarity might help us derive more reliable flood estimates. A few studies have looked at changes in the general dependence of peak discharge and flood volume for small sets of catchments and explored ways of modeling such changes. However, spatial analyses of trends in this dependence or in their climatological drivers have not been carried out. The aim of this study was to help close this knowledge gap by first quantifying trends in the general dependence between peak discharge and flood volume as described by Kendall's tau on a spatially comprehensive data set of 307 catchments in Switzerland. Second, potential climatological drivers for changes in the dependence between peak discharge and flood volume were identified. Our results show that the dependence between peak discharge and flood volume and its trends are spatially heterogeneous. This pattern cannot be explained by one driver only but by an interplay of changes in precipitation, snowmelt, and soil moisture. Both the trends and the links between drivers and trends depend on the climate model chain considered and are therefore uncertain.
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Crouzet, C., Wilhelm, B., Sabatier, P., Demory, F., Thouveny, N., Pignol, C., et al. (2019). Palaeomagnetism for chronologies of recent alpine lake sediments: successes and limits. Journal Of Paleolimnology, 62(3), 259–278.
Abstract: Chronologies of lake-sediment records covering the last centuries to millennia are usually based on both short-lived radionuclides and radiocarbon dating. However, beyond the range of short-lived radionuclides, age model accuracy often suffers from large radiocarbon uncertainties. For high-altitude records, this issue is even more prominent as terrestrial plant fragments for radiocarbon dating are often lacking due to the sparse vegetation in such environments. In this study, we evaluate the potential of the geomagnetic field secular variations as a complementary tool to establish more robust age-depth relationships. Our palaeomagnetic study, applied to five high-altitude lakes from the western European Alps, first shows that recent unconsolidated sediments can carry stable remanent magnetization. The analysis of the magnetic parameters indicates that low-coercivity pseudo-single domain magnetite grains carry the natural magnetization. Nevertheless, the quality of palaeomagnetic secular variation records varies from one lake to another. This quality can be illustrated through the calculation of the declination/inclination maximum angular variations and their comparison to the expected value. Compared with available models, the declination variations are usually too large and the inclination too high. We discuss the validity of palaeosecular variation (PSV) of the Earth's magnetic field regarding rock magnetism, magnetization processes and possible deformation during coring. From a magnetic point of view, the quality of data is variable, but the characteristic remanent magnetization direction is consistent at site level between neighbouring lakes and with the reference curve, suggesting that geomagnetic field secular variations are approximately recorded. Finally, we attempt to correlate the declination/inclination variations of the characteristic remanent magnetization measured in the five records to the reference geomagnetic model to provide additional chronological markers for age-depth modelling. These stratigraphic chrono-markers appear in systematic agreement with our previous chronological data and enable a reduction of dating uncertainties up to 30% when including these chrono-markers in the age-depth modelling. This agreement supports the interpretation that PSV may have been recorded more or less accurately depending on the studied lake. Therefore, coupled with a comprehensive understanding through other analysis (sedimentology, dating, geochemistry), PSV can be used to improve the age models in the more favourable cases.
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Danso, D., Anquetin, S., Diedhiou, A., Lavaysse, C., Kobea, A., & Toure, N. (2019). Spatio-temporal variability of cloud cover types in West Africa with satellite-based and reanalysis data. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, .
Abstract: This study aims to understand and document the occurrence and variability of cloud cover types in West Africa (WA). Investigations are carried out with a 10-year hourly record of two cloud data products: CERES passive satellite observations and ERA5 reanalysis. The seasonal evolutions of high (HCC), middle (MCC), low (LCC) and total (TCC) cloud cover are examined. Both products agree on the seasonal and spatial occurrence of cloud cover, although CERES presents lower values of cloud fraction than ERA5 which is partly attributed to the inability of the satellite sensor to detect optically thin clouds in the atmosphere. Southern WA is found to be cloudier than other parts of the region in all seasons with mean TCC fractions of 70 and 80% for CERES and ERA5 respectively during the monsoon season. In all seasons, the presence of LCC over large areas of the Sahel/Sahara region is noted in the CERES product. This could be due to a possible misinterpretation of Saharan dust as low clouds which may have thus, caused it to overestimate the occurrences and fractions of LCC over this region. Northern WA is associated with higher frequencies of no cloud occurrence events, unlike the south where cloudless skies are rarely observed. Furthermore, in southern WA, overcast conditions of LCC are observed for a significant number of times (up to 20% of the time during the rainy season in CERES and 40% in ERA5). The climatology of cloud cover presented in this study could be useful for the planning of solar energy projects.
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De Souza, D., Chanussot, J., Favre, A., & Borgnat, P. (2019). An Improved Stationarity Test Based on Surrogates. Ieee Signal Processing Letters, 26(10), 1431–1435.
Abstract: Over the last years, several stationarity tests have been proposed. One of these methods uses time-frequency representations and stationarized replicas of the signal (known as surrogates) for testing wide-sense stationarity. In this letter, we propose a procedure to improve the original surrogate test. The proposed methodology can be seen as a guideline on how the surrogate test can be improved. We show mathematically that the modified test should exhibit improved classification performance. Numerical simulations on synthetic and real-world signals are carried out to evaluate the modified test against competing ones.
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Delaygue, G., Bronnimann, S., Jones, P., Blanchet, J., & Schwander, M. (2019). Reconstruction of Lamb weather type series back to the eighteenth century. Climate Dynamics, 52(9-10), 6131–6148.
Abstract: The Lamb weather type series is a subjective catalogue of daily atmospheric patterns and flow directions over the British Isles, covering the period 1861-1996. Based on synoptic maps, meteorologists have empirically classified surface pressure patterns over this area, which is a key area for the progression of Atlantic storm tracks towards Europe. We apply this classification to a set of daily pressure series from a few stations from western Europe, in order to reconstruct and to extend this daily weather type series back to 1781. We describe a statistical framework which provides, for each day, the weather types consistent enough with the observed pressure pattern, and their respective probability. Overall, this technique can correctly reconstruct almost 75% of the Lamb daily types, when simplified to the seven main weather types. The weather type series are described and compared to the original series for the winter season only. Since the low frequency variability of synoptic conditions is directly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), we derive from the weather type series an NAO index for winter. An interesting feature is a larger multidecadal variability during the nineteenth century than during the twentieth century.
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Derin, Y., Anagnostou, E., Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Buytaert, W., et al. (2019). Evaluation of GPM-era Global Satellite Precipitation Products over Multiple Complex Terrain Regions. Remote Sensing, 11(24).
Abstract: The great success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its successor Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) has accelerated the development of global high-resolution satellite-based precipitation products (SPP). However, the quantitative accuracy of SPPs has to be evaluated before using these datasets in water resource applications. This study evaluates the following GPM-era and TRMM-era SPPs based on two years (2014-2015) of reference daily precipitation data from rain gauge networks in ten mountainous regions: Integrated Multi-SatellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG, version 05B and version 06B), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), which represents a global precipitation data-blending product. The evaluation is performed at daily and annual temporal scales, and at 0.1 deg grid resolution. It is shown that GSMaPV07 surpass the performance of IMERGV06B Final for almost all regions in terms of systematic and random error metrics. The new orographic rainfall classification in the GSMaPV07 algorithm is able to improve the detection of orographic rainfall, the rainfall amounts, and error metrics. Moreover, IMERGV05B showed significantly better performance, capturing the lighter and heavier precipitation values compared to IMERGV06B for almost all regions due to changes conducted to the morphing, where motion vectors are derived using total column water vapor for IMERGV06B.
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Diba, I., Camara, M., & Diedhiou, A. (2019). Investigating West African Monsoon Features in Warm Years Using the Regional Climate Model RegCM4. Atmosphere, 10(1).
Abstract: This study investigates the changes in West African monsoon features during warm years using the Regional Climate Model version 4.5 (RegCM4.5). The analysis uses 30 years of datasets of rainfall, surface temperature and wind parameters (from 1980 to 2009). We performed a simulation at a spatial resolution of 50 km with the RegCM4.5 model driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis. The rainfall amount is weaker over the Sahel (western and central) and the Guinea region for the warmest years compared to the coldest ones. The analysis of heat fluxes show that the sensible (latent) heat flux is stronger (weaker) during the warmest (coldest) years. When considering the rainfall events, there is a decrease of the number of rainy days over the Guinea Coast (in the South of Cote d'Ivoire, of Ghana and of Benin) and the western and eastern Sahel during warm years. The maximum length of consecutive wet days decreases over the western and eastern Sahel, while the consecutive dry days increase mainly over the Sahel band during the warm years. The percentage of very warm days and warm nights increase mainly over the Sahel domain and the Guinea region. The model also simulates an increase of the warm spell duration index in the whole Sahel domain and over the Guinea Coast in warm years. The analysis of the wind dynamic exhibits during warm years a weakening of the monsoon flow in the lower levels, a strengthening in the magnitude of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) in the mid-troposphere and a slight increase of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) in the upper levels of the atmosphere during warm years.
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Duran-Alarcon, C., Boudevillain, B., Genthon, C., Grazioli, J., Souverijns, N., Van Lipzig, N., et al. (2019). The vertical structure of precipitation at two stations in East Antarctica derived from micro rain radars. Cryosphere, 13(1), 247–264.
Abstract: Precipitation over Antarctica is the main term in the surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet, which is crucial for the future evolution of the sea level worldwide. Precipitation, however, remains poorly documented and understood mainly because of a lack of observations in this extreme environment. Two observatories dedicated to precipitation have been set up at the Belgian station Princess Elisabeth (PE) and at the French station Dumont d'Urville (DDU) in East Antarctica. Among other instruments, both sites have a vertically pointing micro rain radar (MRR) working at the K band. Measurements have been continuously collected at DDU since the austral summer of 2015-2016, while they have been collected mostly during summer seasons at PE since 2010, with a full year of observation during 2012. In this study, the statistics of the vertical profiles of reflectivity, vertical velocity, and spectral width are analyzed for all seasons. Vertical profiles were separated into surface precipitation and virga to evaluate the impact of virga on the structure of the vertical profiles. The climatology of the study area plays an important role in the structure of the precipitation: warmer and moister atmospheric conditions at DDU favor the occurrence of more intense precipitation compared with PE, with a difference of 8 dBZ between both stations. The strong katabatic winds blowing at DDU induce a decrease in reflectivity close to the ground due to the sublimation of the snowfall particles. The vertical profiles of precipitation velocity show significant differences between the two stations. In general, at DDU the vertical velocity increases as the height decreases, while at PE the vertical velocity decreases as the height decreases. These features of the vertical profiles of reflectivity and vertical velocity could be explained by the more frequent occurrence of aggregation and riming at DDU compared to PE because of the lower temperature and relative humidity at the latter, located further in the interior. Robust and reliable statistics about the vertical profile of precipitation in Antarctica, as derived from MRRs for instance, are necessary and valuable for the evaluation of precipitation estimates derived from satellite measurements and from numerical atmospheric models.
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Evin, G., Favre, A., & Hingray, B. (2019). Stochastic generators of multi-site daily temperature: comparison of performances in various applications. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 135(3-4), 811–824.
Abstract: We present a multi-site stochastic model for the generation of average daily temperature, which includes a flexible parametric distribution and a multivariate autoregressive process. Different versions of this model are applied to a set of 26 stations located in Switzerland. The importance of specific statistical characteristics of the model (seasonality, marginal distributions of standardized temperature, spatial and temporal dependence) is discussed. In particular, the proposed marginal distribution is shown to improve the reproduction of extreme temperatures (minima and maxima). We also demonstrate that the frequency and duration of cold spells and heat waves are dramatically underestimated when the autocorrelation of temperature is not taken into account in the model. An adequate representation of these characteristics can be crucial depending on the field of application, and we discuss potential implications in different contexts (agriculture, forestry, hydrology, human health).
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Evin, G., Hingray, B., Blanchet, J., Eckert, N., Morin, S., & Verfaillie, D. (2019). Partitioning Uncertainty Components of an Incomplete Ensemble of Climate Projections Using Data Augmentation. Journal Of Climate, 32(8), 2423–2440.
Abstract: The quantification of uncertainty sources in ensembles of climate projections obtained from combinations of different scenarios and climate and impact models is a key issue in climate impact studies. The small size of the ensembles of simulation chains and their incomplete sampling of scenario and climate model combinations makes the analysis difficult. In the popular single-time ANOVA approach for instance, a precise estimate of internal variability requires multiple members for each simulation chain (e.g., each emission scenario-climate model combination), but multiple members are typically available for a few chains only. In most ensembles also, a precise partition of model uncertainty components is not possible because the matrix of available scenario/models combinations is incomplete (i.e., projections are missing for many scenario-model combinations). The method we present here, based on data augmentation and Bayesian techniques, overcomes such limitations and makes the statistical analysis possible for single-member and incomplete ensembles. It provides unbiased estimates of climate change responses of all simulation chains and of all uncertainty variables. It additionally propagates uncertainty due to missing information in the estimates. This approach is illustrated for projections of regional precipitation and temperature for four mountain massifs in France. It is applicable for any kind of ensemble of climate projections, including those produced from ad hoc impact models.
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Evin, G., Wilhelm, B., & Jenny, J. (2019). Flood hazard assessment of the Rhone River revisited with reconstructed discharges from lake sediments. Global And Planetary Change, 172, 114–123.
Abstract: Accurate flood hazard assessments are crucial for adequate flood hazard mapping and hydraulic infrastructure design. The choice of an acceptable and cost-effective solution for such assessments depends upon the estimation of quantiles for different characteristics of floods, usually maximum discharges. However, gauge series usually have a limited time length and, thereby, quantile estimates associated to high return periods are subject to large uncertainties. To overcome this limitation, reconstructed flood series from historical, botanical or geological archives can be incorporated. In this study, we propose a novel approach that i) combines classic series of observations with paleodischarges (of the Rhone River) reconstructed from open lake sediments (Lake Bourget, Northwestern Alps, France) and ii) propagates uncertainties related to the reconstruction method during the estimation of extreme quantiles. A Bayesian approach is adopted in order to properly treat the non-systematic nature of the reconstructed flow data, as well as the uncertainties related to the reconstruction method. While this methodology has already been applied to reconstruct maximum discharges from historical documents, tree rings or fluvial sediments, similar applications need to be tested today on open lake sediments as they are one of the only archives that provide long and continuous paleoflood series. Reconstructed sediment volumes being subject to measurement errors, we evaluate and account for this uncertainty, along with the uncertainty related to the reconstruction method, the parametric uncertainty, and the rating-curve errors for systematic gauged flows by propagating these uncertainties through the modeling chain. Reconstructed maximum discharges appear to largely overcome values of observations, reaching values of approximately 2,600, 4,200, 2,450 and 2,500 m(3)/s in 1689, 1711, 1733 and 1737 respectively, which correspond to historically-known catastrophic floods. Extreme quantiles are estimated using direct measurements of maximum discharges (1853-2004) only and then combined to the sedimentary information (1650-2013). The comparison of the resulting estimates demonstrates the added value of the sedimentary information. In particular, the four historical catastrophic floods are very unlikely if only direct observations are considered for quantile estimations.
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Faure, D., Delrieu, G., & Gaussiat, N. (2019). Impact of the Altitudinal Gradients of Precipitation on the Radar QPE Bias in the French Alps. Atmosphere, 10(6).
Abstract: In the French Alps the quality of the radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) is limited by the topography and the vertical structure of precipitation. A previous study realized in all the French Alps, has shown a general bias between values of the national radar QPE composite and the rain gauge measurements: a radar QPE over-estimation at low altitude (+20% at 200 m a.s.l.), and an increasing underestimation at high altitudes (until -40% at 2100 m a.s.l.). This trend has been linked to altitudinal gradients of precipitation observed at ground level. This paper analyzes relative altitudinal gradients of precipitation estimated with rain gauges measurements in 2016 for three massifs around Grenoble, and for different temporal accumulations (yearly, seasonal, monthly, daily). Comparisons of radar and rain gauge accumulations confirm the bias previously observed. The parts of the current radar data processing affecting the bias value are pointed out. The analysis shows a coherency between the relative gradient values estimated at the different temporal accumulations. Vertical profiles of precipitation detected by a research radar installed at the bottom of the valley also show how the wide horizontal variability of precipitation inside the valley can affect the gradient estimation.
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Gutierrez, J., Maraun, D., Widmann, M., Huth, R., Hertig, E., Benestad, R., et al. (2019). An intercomparison of a large ensemble of statistical downscaling methods over Europe: Results from the VALUE perfect predictor cross-validation experiment. International Journal Of Climatology, 39(9), 3750–3785.
Abstract: VALUE is an open European collaboration to intercompare downscaling approaches for climate change research, focusing on different validation aspects (marginal, temporal, extremes, spatial, process-based, etc.). Here we describe the participating methods and first results from the first experiment, using “perfect” reanalysis (and reanalysis-driven regional climate model (RCM)) predictors to assess the intrinsic performance of the methods for downscaling precipitation and temperatures over a set of 86 stations representative of the main climatic regions in Europe. This study constitutes the largest and most comprehensive to date intercomparison of statistical downscaling methods, covering the three common downscaling approaches (perfect prognosis, model output statistics-including bias correction-and weather generators) with a total of over 50 downscaling methods representative of the most common techniques. Overall, most of the downscaling methods greatly improve (reanalysis or RCM) raw model biases and no approach or technique seems to be superior in general, because there is a large method-to-method variability. The main factors most influencing the results are the seasonal calibration of the methods (e.g., using a moving window) and their stochastic nature. The particular predictors used also play an important role in cases where the comparison was possible, both for the validation results and for the strength of the predictor-predictand link, indicating the local variability explained. However, the present study cannot give a conclusive assessment of the skill of the methods to simulate regional future climates, and further experiments will be soon performed in the framework of the EURO-CORDEX initiative (where VALUE activities have merged and follow on). Finally, research transparency and reproducibility has been a major concern and substantive steps have been taken. In particular, the necessary data to run the experiments are provided at and data and validation results are available from the VALUE validation portal for further investigation: .
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Hingray, B., Blanchet, J., Evin, G., & Vidal, J. (2019). Uncertainty component estimates in transient climate projections Precision of estimators in a single time or time series approach. Climate Dynamics, 53(5-6), 2501–2516.
Abstract: Quantifying model uncertainty and internal variability components in climate projections has been paid a great attention in the recent years. For multiple synthetic ensembles of climate projections, we compare the precision of uncertainty component estimates obtained respectively with the two Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approaches mostly used in recent works: the popular Single Time approach (STANOVA), based on the data available for the considered projection lead time and a time series based approach (QEANOVA), which assumes quasi-ergodicity of climate outputs over the available simulation period. We show that the precision of all uncertainty estimates is higher when more members are used, when internal variability is smaller and/or the response-to-uncertainty ratio is higher. QEANOVA estimates are much more precise than STANOVA ones: QEANOVA simulated confidence intervals are roughly 3-5 times smaller than STANOVA ones. Except for STANOVA when less than three members is available, the precision is rather high for total uncertainty and moderate for internal variability estimates. For model uncertainty or response-to-uncertainty ratio estimates, the precision is low for QEANOVA to very low for STANOVA. In the most unfavorable configurations (small number of members, large internal variability), large over- or underestimation of uncertainty components is thus very likely. In a number of cases, the uncertainty analysis should thus be preferentially carried out with a time series approach or with a local-time series approach, applied to all predictions available in the temporal neighborhood of the target prediction lead time.
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Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bolanos, T., Bindi, M., Brown, S., et al. (2019). The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 degrees C. Science, 365(6459), 1263–+.
Abstract: Increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases have led to a global mean surface temperature 1.0 degrees C higher than during the pre-industrial period. We expand on the recent IPCC Special Report on global warming of 1.5 degrees C and review the additional risks associated with higher levels of warming, each having major implications for multiple geographies, climates, and ecosystems. Limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C rather than 2.0 degrees C would be required to maintain substantial proportions of ecosystems and would have clear benefits for human health and economies. These conclusions are relevant for people everywhere, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where the escalation of climate-related risks may prevent the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Khanal, A., Delrieu, G., Cazenave, F., & Boudevillain, B. (2019). Radar Remote Sensing of Precipitation in High Mountains: Detection and Characterization of Melting Layer in the Grenoble Valley, French Alps. Atmosphere, 10(12).
Abstract: The RadAlp experiment aims at developing advanced methods for rain and snow estimation using weather radar remote sensing techniques in high mountain regions for improved water resource assessment and hydrological risk mitigation. A unique observation system has been deployed in the French Alps, Grenoble region. It is composed of a Meteo-France operated X-band MOUC radar (volumetric, Doppler and polarimetric) on top of the Mt Moucherotte (1920 m ASL), the X-band XPORT research radar (volumetric, Doppler, polarimetric), a K-band micro rain radar (MRR, Doppler, vertically pointing) and in situ sensors (rain gauges, disdrometers), latter three operated on the Grenoble campus (220 m ASL). Based on the observation that the precipitation phase changes at/below the elevation of mountain-top MOUC radar for more than 60% of the significant events, an algorithm for ML identification has been developed using valley-based radar systems: it uses the quasi vertical profiles of XPORT polarimetric measurements (horizontal and vertical reflectivity, differential reflectivity, cross-polar correlation coefficient) and the MRR vertical profiles of apparent falling velocity spectra. The algorithm produces time series of the altitudes and values of peaks and inflection points of the different radar observables. A literature review allows us to link the micro-physical processes at play during the melting process with the available polarimetric and Doppler signatures, e.g., (i) regarding the altitude differences between the peaks of reflectivity, cross-polar correlation coefficient and differential reflectivity, as well as (ii) regarding the co-variation of the profiles of Doppler velocity spectra and cross-polar correlation coefficient. A statistical analysis of the ML based on 42 rain events (98 h of XPORT data) is then proposed. Among other results, this study indicates that (i) the mean value of the ML width in Grenoble is 610 m with a standard deviation of 160 m; (ii) the mean altitude difference between the horizontal reflectivity and the rho HV peaks is 90 m and the mean altitude difference between the rho HV and Zdr peaks is 30 m; (iii) even for the limited rainrate range in the dataset (0-8.5 mm h-1), the “intensity effect” is clear on the reflectivity profile and the ML width, as well as on polarimetric variables such as rho HV peak value and the Zdr enhancement in the upper part of the profile. On the contrary, the study of both the “density effect” and the influence of the 0 degrees C isotherm altitude did not yield significant results with the considered dataset; (iv) a principal component analysis on one hand shows the richness of the dataset since the first 2 PCs explain only 50% of the total variance and on the other hand the added-value of the polarimetric variables since they rank high in a ranking of the total variance explained by individual variables.
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Khider, D., Emile-Geay, J., Mckay, N., Gil, Y., Garijo, D., Ratnakar, V., et al. (2019). PaCTS 1.0: A Crowdsourced Reporting Standard for Paleoclimate Data. Paleoceanography And Paleoclimatology, 34(10), 1570–1596.
Abstract: The progress of science is tied to the standardization of measurements, instruments, and data. This is especially true in the Big Data age, where analyzing large data volumes critically hinges on the data being standardized. Accordingly, the lack of community-sanctioned data standards in paleoclimatology has largely precluded the benefits of Big Data advances in the field. Building upon recent efforts to standardize the format and terminology of paleoclimate data, this article describes the Paleoclimate Community reporTing Standard (PaCTS), a crowdsourced reporting standard for such data. PaCTS captures which information should be included when reporting paleoclimate data, with the goal of maximizing the reuse value of paleoclimate data sets, particularly for synthesis work and comparison to climate model simulations. Initiated by the LinkedEarth project, the process to elicit a reporting standard involved an international workshop in 2016, various forms of digital community engagement over the next few years, and grassroots working groups. Participants in this process identified important properties across paleoclimate archives, in addition to the reporting of uncertainties and chronologies; they also identified archive-specific properties and distinguished reporting standards for new versus legacy data sets. This work shows that at least 135 respondents overwhelmingly support a drastic increase in the amount of metadata accompanying paleoclimate data sets. Since such goals are at odds with present practices, we discuss a transparent path toward implementing or revising these recommendations in the near future, using both bottom-up and top-down approaches.
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Lavaysse, C., Naumann, G., Alfieri, L., Salamon, P., & Vogt, J. (2019). Predictability of the European heat and cold waves. Climate Dynamics, 52(3-4), 2481–2495.
Abstract: Heat and cold waves may have considerable human and economic impacts in Europe. Recent events, like the heat waves observed in France in 2003 and Russia in 2010, illustrated the major consequences to be expected. Reliable Early Warning Systems for extreme temperatures would, therefore, be of high value for decision makers. However, they require a clear definition and robust forecasts of these events. This study analyzes the predictability of heat and cold waves over Europe, defined as at least three consecutive days of Tmin and Tmax above the quantile Q90 (under Q10), using the extended ensemble system of ECMWF. The results show significant predictability for events within a 2-week lead time, but with a strong decrease of the predictability during the first week of forecasts (from 80 to 40% of observed events correctly forecasted). The scores show a higher predictive skill for the cold waves (in winter) than for the heat waves (in summer). The uncertainties and the sensitivities of the predictability are discussed on the basis of tests conducted with different spatial and temporal resolutions. Results demonstrate the negligible effect of the temporal resolution (very few errors due to bad timing of the forecasts), and a better predictability of large-scale events. The onset and the end of the waves are slightly less predictable with an average of about 35% (30%) of observed heat (cold) waves onsets or ends correctly forecasted with a 5-day lead time. Finally, the forecasted intensities show a correlation of about 0.65 with those observed, revealing the challenge to predict this important characteristic.
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Lemonnier, F., Madeleine, J., Claud, C., Genthon, C., Duran-Alarcon, C., Palerme, C., et al. (2019). Evaluation of CloudSat snowfall rate profiles by a comparison with in situ micro-rain radar observations in East Antarctica. Cryosphere, 13(3), 943–954.
Abstract: The Antarctic continent is a vast desert and is the coldest and the most unknown area on Earth. It contains the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest continental water reservoir on Earth that could be affected by the current global warming, leading to sea level rise. The only significant supply of ice is through precipitation, which can be observed from the surface and from space. Remote-sensing observations of the coastal regions and the inner continent using CloudSat radar give an estimated rate of snowfall but with uncertainties twice as large as each single measured value, whereas climate models give a range from half to twice the space-time-averaged observations. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the vertical precipitation rate profiles of CloudSat radar by comparison with two surface-based micro-rain radars (MRRs), located at the coastal French Dumont d'Urville station and at the Belgian Princess Elisabeth station located in the Dronning Maud Land escarpment zone. This in turn leads to a better understanding and reassessment of CloudSat uncertainties. We compared a total of four precipitation events, two per station, when CloudSat overpassed within 10 km of the station and we compared these two different datasets at each vertical level. The correlation between both datasets is near-perfect, even though climatic and geographic conditions are different for the two stations. Using different CloudSat and MRR vertical levels, we obtain 10 km space-scale and short-timescale (a few seconds) CloudSat uncertainties from -13 % up to +22 %. This confirms the robustness of the CloudSat retrievals of snowfall over Antarctica above the blind zone and justifies further analyses of this dataset.
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Melese, V., Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. (2019). A Regional Scale-Invariant Extreme Value Model of Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Area-Frequency Relationships. Water Resources Research, 55(7), 5539–5558.
Abstract: We propose in this article a regional study of intensity-duration-area-frequency (IDAF) relationships of annual rainfall maxima in southern France. For this we develop a regional extreme value IDAF model based on space-time scale invariance hypotheses. The model allows us to link the statistical distributions of rainfall maxima over any duration and area. It provides in particular an analytical expression of the areal reduction factor, which expresses how the statistical distribution of rainfall maxima changes as the area increases, for any fixed duration. It also provides an analytical expression of areal return level for the continuum of area and duration. The model is applied to radar reanalysis data covering a 13,000-km(2) region of southern France featuring contrasted rainfall regimes (2008-2015). We estimate the IDAF relationships centered on any radar pixel of the region in the range 3-48 hr and 1-2,025 km(2). We obtain in particular a spatial distribution of the areal reduction factor, which allows us to distinguish different rainfall regimes in the region. The overall IDAF model provides also a regional quantification of areal rainfall risk by allowing the computation of rainfall return level maps for any area and duration in the applicable range. Despite inevitable sampling issues due to the shortness of the data sample, we highlight important differences in the spatial distribution of areal rainfall risk depending on the area and duration, illustrating that a comprehensive storm risk evaluation should consider the continuum of area and duration rather than arbitrarily predefined ones.
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Mortey, E., Kouassi, K., Diedhiou, A., Anquetin, S., Genoud, M., Hingray, B., et al. (2019). Sustainable Hydroelectric Dam Management in the Context of Climate Change: Case of the Taabo Dam in Cote D'Ivoire, West Africa. Sustainability, 11(18).
Abstract: Management of hydroelectric dams is an aspect of sustainability that comes with resolving problems locally. The use of global indicators has not been a sustainable solution, thus the need for local indicators. Besides, current sustainability assessment tools lack the integration of climate, making assessments in a climate change context impossible. In this paper, we present management and sustainability assessment in a climate change context using sustainability indicators. We modeled a change in the climate using normal, moderate, and extreme climate conditions defined by Standardized Precipitation Indices (SPI) values. Out of 36 years analyzed, 24 years fall in the near-normal climate regime, and the remaining 12 years in moderate and extreme conditions, making near-normal climate regime the basis for managing the Taabo Dam. The impact of climate, techno-economic, and socio-environmental indicators on sustainability were investigated, and the results were analyzed according to scenarios. Climate adaptation shows higher sustainability indices than techno-economic and socio-environmental scenarios. Probability matrices show high and low values, respectively, for environmental and flooding indicators. Risk matrices, on the other hand, show that even with small probability values, risks still exist, and such small probabilities should not be taken as an absence of risk. The study reveals that sustainability can be improved by integrating climate into existing assessment methods.
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Nicolet, G., Eckert, N., Morin, S., & Blanchet, J. (2019). Inferring and modeling spatial dependence of snow extremes in the French Alps using max-stable processes. Houille Blanche-Revue Internationale De L Eau, (5-6), 150–158.
Abstract: Risk management in mountainous regions requires a precise assessment of snow extremes. We adopt the framework of max-stable processes, which connect extreme value statistics and geostatistics, to investigate the spatial dependence of winter maxima of 3-day snowfall and snow depths in the French Alps. Two important issues are broached: model selection and temporal non-stationarity. First, we introduce a cross-validation procedure which is used to assess the predictive ability of several max-stable processes to capture the spatial dependence structure of snowfall maxima. Then, we highlight a decrease in spatial dependence of extreme snowfall during the last decades. Lastly, we show a way to model temporal trends in a spatial dependence of extremes through the example of snow depth maxima. For both extreme snowfall and extreme snow depths, we find that the spatial dependence is strongly impacted by climate change, at first by the effect of the increase in temperature on the snow rain partitioning, also by the decrease in winter cumulated snowfall.
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Nkrumah, F., Vischel, T., Panthou, G., Klutse, N., Adukpo, D., & Diedhiou, A. (2019). Recent Trends in the Daily Rainfall Regime in Southern West Africa. Atmosphere, 10(12).
Abstract: Extreme climate events, either being linked to dry spells or extreme precipitation, are of major concern in Africa, a region in which the economy and population are highly vulnerable to climate hazards. However, recent trends in climate events are not often documented in this poorly surveyed continent. This study makes use of a large set of daily rain gauge data covering Southern West Africa (extending from 10 degrees W to 10 degrees E and from 4 degrees N to 12 degrees N) from 1950 to 2014. The evolution of the number and the intensity of daily rainfall events, especially the most extremes, were analyzed at the annual and seasonal scales. During the first rainy season (April-July), mean annual rainfall is observed to have a minor trend due to less frequent but more intense rainfall mainly along the coast of Southern West Africa (SWA) over the last two decades. The north-south seasonal changes exhibit an increase in mean annual rainfall over the last decade during the second rainy season (September-November) linked by both an increase in the frequency of occurrence of rainy days as well as an increase in the mean intensity and extreme events over the last decade. The study also provides evidence of a disparity that exists between the west and east of SWA, with the east recording a stronger increase in the mean intensity of wet days and extreme rainfall during the second rainy season (September-November).
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Plain, N., Hingray, B., & Mathy, S. (2019). Accounting for low solar resource days to size 100% solar microgrids power systems in Africa. Renewable Energy, 131, 448–458.
Abstract: In many regions worldwide, the electrification of rural areas is expected to be partly achieved through micro power grids. Compliance with the COP21 conference requires that such systems mainly build on renewable energy sources. To deliver a high power and quality service may be difficult to be achieved, especially when micro-grids are based on variable renewable sources. We here explore the multiscale temporal variability of the local solar resource in Africa and its implication for the development of 100% solar systems. Using high resolution satellite data of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) for a 21-year period (1995-2015), we characterize the seasonality and temporal variability of the local resource. We focus on its low percentile values which give a first guess on the size of the solar panels surface required for the micro-grid to achieve a given quality service. We assess the characteristics and especially persistence of the low resource situations, for which the local demand would not be satisfied. We finally assess how the ability of electricity consumers for some day-to-day flexibility (e.g. via the postponement of part of one day as demand to the next), would help to achieve the design level of service quality with a smaller microgrid system. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Raymond, F., Wilhelm, B., & Anquetin, S. (2019). Is Precipitation the Main Trigger of Medium-Magnitude Floods in Large Alpine Catchments? Water, 11(12).
Abstract: Flood projections are still highly uncertain, partly resulting from the limited accuracy of simulated precipitation by climate models. To overcome this limitation, recent studies suggest to use direct linkages between atmospheric processes leading precipitation, often better simulated than precipitation, and the flood occurrence. Such an approach implies, however, that historical flood events mainly result from direct contribution of precipitation only. Consequently, this paper has a twofold objective: (i) To explore to what extent the generation of medium-magnitude flood events in a large mountainous catchment can be explained by the precipitation only, and (ii) to identify what are the best features of flood-inducing precipitation episodes (i.e., duration and accumulation). Taking advantage of centennial-long discharge (gauge stations) and precipitation (ERA-20C reanalysis) data series, this study is based on three-year return period flood events of the upper Rhone River (NW European Alps). Our results suggest that half of the studied floods are triggered by precipitation only, but precipitation indices are mainly good only for high-magnitude events with return period of at least 20 years. Hence, modelling flood occurrence directly from atmospheric processes leading precipitation seems to be possible for events with the highest magnitude (i.e., the ones with the highest potential to impact societies).
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Retamales-Munoz, G., Duran-Alarcon, C., & Mattar, C. (2019). Recent land surface temperature patterns in Antarctica using satellite and reanalysis data. Journal Of South American Earth Sciences, 95.
Abstract: Antarctica is among the most important regions when it comes to observing the effects of climate change. One important part of the variability of the land surface temperature (LST) observed on this continent is related to the sea surface temperature of the Tropical Pacific Ocean, which is associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This large-scale phenomenon is called tele-connection. In this study, we investigate the recent trends of LST in Antarctica over the last few decades and its relationship with one of the most intense El Nino events in 2015-2016. LST anomalies derived from satellite data (MODIS) and skin temperature from re-analysis (ERA-5 and ERA-Interim) were used, in addition to the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) time series. A non-parametric time series analysis was carried out to estimate LST trends over different zones of Antarctica. The results show a warming trend obtained from ERA-5 of about 0.9 K/decade in the interior of Antarctica, while MODIS showed the lowest temperature trends of similar to 1 K/decade in East Antarctica. The analysis between LST and the SAM index shows a negative relationship in the extreme periods of ENSO 2015-2016, showing colder autumns and warmer springs than in previous years. These results aide in understanding the effects of extreme phases of ENSO on Antarctica, which are of great importance given the projection of more intense phases over the next century as foreseen in future scenarios of climate change.
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Schulte, L., Wetter, O., Wilhelm, B., Pena, J., Amnann, B., Wirth, S., et al. (2019). Integration of multi-archive datasets for the development of a four-dimensional paleoflood model of alpine catchments. Global And Planetary Change, 180, 66–88.
Abstract: Both natural and documentary evidence of severe and catastrophic floods are of tremendous value for completing multidimensional flood calendars, as well as for mapping the most extreme riverine flooding phenomena in a river basin, over centennial and millennial time scales. Here, the integration of multi-archive flood series from the Hasli-Aare, Lutschine, Kander, Simme, Lombach, and Eistlenbach catchments in the Bernese Alps constitutes a unique approach to the reconstruction of flooding events over the last six centuries and to the development of a temporal-spatial model of past flood behavior. Different types of flood archive, be they of natural or anthropogenic origin, record different processes and legacies of these physical phenomena. In this study, paleoflood records obtained from floodplains (four flood series) and lake sediments (four series), together with documentary data (six series), were analyzed and compared with instrumental measurements (four series) and the profiles of lichenometric-dated flood heights (four series) to i) determine common flood pulses, ii) identify events that are out-of-phase, iii) investigate the sensitivity of the different natural archives to flood drivers and forcing, iv) locate past flooding in an alpine region of 2117 km(2), and v) simulate atmospheric modes of climate variability during flood-rich periods from 1400 to 2005 CE. Asynchronous flood response across the sites is attributed to differences in their local hydrologic regimes, influenced by (i) their physiographic parameters, including size, altitude, storage capacity and connectivity of basins, and (ii) their climate parameters, including type, spatial distribution, duration, and intensity of precipitation. The most accurate, continuous series, corresponding to the period from 1400 to 2005 CE, were integrated into a synthetic flood master curve that defines ten dominant flood pulses. Six of these correspond to cooler climate pulses (around 1480, 1570, 1760, 1830, 1850 and 1870 CE), three to intermediate temperatures (around 1410, 1650 and 1710 CE), while the most recent corresponds to the current pulse of Global Warming (2005 CE). Furthermore, five coincide with the positive mode of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation, characterized by a strong blocking anticyclone between the Scandinavia Peninsula and Great Britain. For two of the most catastrophic flood events in the Bernese Alps (those of 1762 and 1831 CE), the location and magnitude of all the flood records compiled were plotted to provide an accurate mapping of the spatial pattern of flooding. This was then compared to the pattern of atmospheric variability. The comprehensive 4-D picture of paleofloods thus achieved should facilitate an in-depth understanding of the floods and flood forcing in mountain catchments.
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Terti, G., Ruin, I., Gourley, J., Kirstetter, P., Flamig, Z., Blanchet, J., et al. (2019). Toward Probabilistic Prediction of Flash Flood Human Impacts. Risk Analysis, 39(1), 140–161.
Abstract: This article focuses on conceptual and methodological developments allowing the integration of physical and social dynamics leading to model forecasts of circumstance-specific human losses during a flash flood. To reach this objective, a random forest classifier is applied to assess the likelihood of fatality occurrence for a given circumstance as a function of representative indicators. Here, vehicle-related circumstance is chosen as the literature indicates that most fatalities from flash flooding fall in this category. A database of flash flood events, with and without human losses from 2001 to 2011 in the United States, is supplemented with other variables describing the storm event, the spatial distribution of the sensitive characteristics of the exposed population, and built environment at the county level. The catastrophic flash floods of May 2015 in the states of Texas and Oklahoma are used as a case study to map the dynamics of the estimated probabilistic human risk on a daily scale. The results indicate the importance of time- and space-dependent human vulnerability and risk assessment for short-fuse flood events. The need for more systematic human impact data collection is also highlighted to advance impact-based predictive models for flash flood casualties using machine-learning approaches in the future.
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Terti, G., Ruin, I., Kalas, M., Lang, I., Alonso, A., Sabbatini, T., et al. (2019). ANYCaRE: a role-playing game to investigate crisis decision-making and communication challenges in weather-related hazards. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 19(3), 507–533.
Abstract: This study proposes a role-playing experiment to explore the value of modern impact-based weather forecasts on the decision-making process to (i) issue warnings and manage the official emergency response under uncertainty and (ii) communicate and trigger protective action at different levels of the warning system across Europe. Here, flood or strong-wind game simulations seek to represent the players' realistic uncertainties and dilemmas embedded in the real-time forecasting-warning processes. The game was first tested in two scientific workshops in Finland and France, where European researchers, developers, forecasters and civil protection representatives played the simulations. Two other game sessions were organized afterwards (i) with undergraduate university students in France and (ii) with Finnish stakeholders involved in the management of hazardous weather emergencies. First results indicate that multi-model developments and crowdsourcing tools increase the level of confidence in the decision-making under pressure. We found that the role-playing approach facilitates interdisciplinary cooperation and argumentation on emergency response in a fun and interactive manner. The ANYCaRE experiment was proposed, therefore, as a valuable learning tool to enhance participants' understanding of the complexities and challenges met by various actors in weather-related emergency management.
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Wilhelm, B., Canovas, J., Macdonald, N., Toonen, W., Baker, V., Barriendos, M., et al. (2019). Interpreting historical, botanical, and geological evidence to aid preparations for future floods. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Water, 6(1).
Abstract: River flooding is among the most destructive of natural hazards globally, causing widespread loss of life, damage to infrastructure and economic deprivation. Societies are currently under increasing threat from such floods, predominantly from increasing exposure of people and assets in flood-prone areas, but also as a result of changes in flood magnitude, frequency, and timing. Accurate flood hazard and risk assessment are therefore crucial for the sustainable development of societies worldwide. With a paucity of hydrological measurements, evidence from the field offers the only insight into truly extreme events and their variability in space and time. Historical, botanical, and geological archives have increasingly been recognized as valuable sources of extreme flood event information. These different archives are here reviewed with a particular focus on the recording mechanisms of flood information, the historical development of the methodological approaches and the type of information that those archives can provide. These studies provide a wealthy dataset of hundreds of historical and palaeoflood series, whose analysis reveals a noticeable dominance of records in Europe. After describing the diversity of flood information provided by this dataset, we identify how these records have improved and could further improve flood hazard assessments and, thereby, flood management and mitigation plans. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water Quality Engineering Water > Planning Water Science of Water > Methods
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Amponsah, W., Ayral, P., Boudevillain, B., Bouvier, C., Braud, I., Brunet, P., et al. (2018). Integrated high-resolution dataset of high-intensity European and Mediterranean flash floods. Earth System Science Data, 10(4), 1783–1794.
Abstract: This paper describes an integrated, high-resolution dataset of hydro-meteorological variables (rainfall and discharge) concerning a number of high-intensity flash floods that occurred in Europe and in the Mediterranean region from 1991 to 2015. This type of dataset is rare in the scientific literature because flash floods are typically poorly observed hydrological extremes. Valuable features of the dataset (hereinafter referred to as the EuroMedeFF database) include (i) its coverage of varied hydro-climatic regions, ranging from Continental Europe through the Mediterranean to Arid climates, (ii) the high space-time resolution radar rainfall estimates, and (iii) the dense spatial sampling of the flood response, by observed hydrographs and/or flood peak estimates from post-flood surveys. Flash floods included in the database are selected based on the limited upstream catchment areas (up to 3000 km(2)), the limited storm durations (up to 2 days), and the unit peak flood magnitude. The EuroMedeFF database comprises 49 events that occurred in France, Israel, Italy, Romania, Germany and Slovenia, and constitutes a sample of rainfall and flood discharge extremes in different climates. The dataset may be of help to hydrologists as well as other scientific communities because it offers benchmark data for the identification and analysis of the hydro-meteorological causative processes, evaluation of flash flood hydrological models and for hydro-meteorological forecast systems. The dataset also provides a template for the analysis of the space-time variability of flash flood triggering rainfall fields and of the effects of their estimation on the flood response modelling.
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Berthou, S., Mailler, S., Drobinski, P., Arsouze, T., Bastin, S., Beranger, K., et al. (2018). Lagged effects of the Mistral wind on heavy precipitation through ocean-atmosphere coupling in the region of Valencia (Spain). Climate Dynamics, 51(3), 969–983.
Abstract: The region of Valencia in Spain has historically been affected by heavy precipitation events (HPEs). These HPEs are known to be modulated by the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Balearic Sea. Using an atmosphere-ocean regional climate model, we show that more than 70 % of the HPEs in the region of Valencia present a SST cooling larger than the monthly trend in the Northwestern Mediterranean before the HPEs. This is linked to the breaking of a Rossby wave preceding the HPEs: a ridge-trough pattern at mid-levels centered over western France associated with a low-level depression in the Gulf of Genoa precedes the generation of a cut-off low over southern Spain with a surface depression over the Alboran Sea in the lee of the Atlas. This latter situation is favourable to the advection of warm and moist air towards the Mediterranean Spanish coast, possibly leading to HPEs. The depression in the Gulf of Genoa generates intense northerly (Mistral) to northwesterly (Tramontane/Cierzo) winds. In most cases, these intense winds trigger entrainment at the bottom of the oceanic mixed layer which is a mechanism explaining part of the SST cooling in most cases. Our study suggests that the SST cooling due to this strong wind regime then persists until the HPEs and reduces the precipitation intensity.
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Bichet, A., & Diedhiou, A. (2018). Less frequent and more intense rainfall along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in West and Central Africa (1981-2014). Climate Research, 76(3), 191–201.
Abstract: Since the 1990s, rainfall has been reported to increase over the Gulf of Guinea. In light of the devastating floods that have occurred since then over the coastal areas of this region, this study aims to better characterize the recent trends in precipitation there. We used the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) product, a new observational rainfall dataset that covers the period 1981-2014 at high resolution and daily time steps. During the first rainy season (April-June), we find that the lack of significant trend observed in mean precipitation hides a trend towards less frequent but more intense rainfall along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, which is expected to increase the likelihood of flooding and droughts, and fits with the recent increase in devastating floods. Over the north however (between 7 degrees and 12.5 degrees N), rainfall has become more frequent and less intense, which is expected to decrease the likelihood of flooding and droughts. During the second rainy season (September-November), we find that the clear increase in mean precipitation observed between 5 degrees and 12.5 degrees N results from an increase in precipitation intensity and frequency, while over southern Cameroon, the decrease in mean precipitation hides a trend towards less frequent but more intense rainfall. In both seasons, the average duration of wet spells has greatly decreased along the coast, in favor of more numerous and more intense isolated wet days.
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Bichet, A., & Diedhiou, A. (2018). West African Sahel has become wetter during the last 30 years, but dry spells are shorter and more frequent. Climate Research, 75(2), 155–162.
Abstract: Over the twentieth century, Sahel rainfall has undergone extreme variations on a decadal timescale. This study investigated the recent precipitation changes in West African Sahel using a high-resolution Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) product over the period 1981-2014. We found that the recent increase in precipitation results principally from an increase in the number of wet days (+10 d compared to the normal) over the entire West African Sahel band, along with an increase in the precipitation intensity over the central part of the West African Sahel (+ 3 mm d(-1)). However, this overall increase in precipitation is associated with dry spells that are becoming more frequent but on average shorter over the entire West African Sahel band (on average by 30%), and with precipitation intensity that is decreasing (around 3 mm d(-1) during the study period) in the western part of the West African Sahel (Senegal). Such reorganization (i.e. weaker but more frequent precipitation) is expected to be beneficial for agriculture and society, reducing the likelihood of both flooding and droughts.
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Blanchet, J., Aly, C., Vischel, T., Panthou, G., Sane, Y., & Kane, M. D. (2018). Trend in the Co-Occurrence of Extreme Daily Rainfall in West Africa Since 1950. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 123(3), 1536–1551.
Abstract: We propose in this paper a statistical framework to study the evolution of the co-occurrence of extreme daily rainfall in West Africa since 1950. We consider two regions subject to contrasted rainfall regimes: Senegal and the central Sahel. We study the likelihood of the 3% largest daily rainfall (considering all days) in each region to occur simultaneously and, in a 20year moving window approach, how this likelihood has evolved with time. Our method uses an anisotropic max-stable process allowing us to properly represent the co-occurrence of daily extremes and including the possibility of a preferred direction of co-occurrence. In Senegal, a change is found in the 1980s, with preferred co-occurrence along the E-50-N direction (i.e., along azimuth 50 degrees) before the 1980s and weaker isotropic co-occurrence afterward. In central Sahel, a change is also found in the 1980s but surprisingly with contrasting results. Anisotropy along the E-W direction is found over the whole period, with greater extension after the 1980s. The paper discusses how the co-occurrence of extremes can provide a qualitative indicator on change in size and propagation of the strongest storms. This calls for further research to identify the atmospheric processes responsible for such contrasted changes in storm properties. Plain Language Summary We propose in this paper a statistical framework to study the evolution of the co-occurrence of extreme daily rainfall in West Africa since 1950. We consider two regions subject to contrasted rainfall regimes: Senegal and the central Sahel. In Senegal, a change is found in the 1980s, with preferred co-occurrence along the E-50-N direction (i.e., along azimuth 50 degrees) before the 1980s and weaker isotropic co-occurrence afterward. In the central Sahel, a change is also found in the 1980s but surprisingly with contrasting results. Anisotropy along the E-W direction is found over the whole period, with greater extension after the 1980s. The paper discusses how the co-occurrence of extremes can provide a qualitative indicator on change in size and propagation of the strongest storms. This calls for further research to identify the atmospheric processes responsible for such contrasted changes in storm properties.
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Blanchet, J., Molinie, G., & Touati, J. (2018). Spatial analysis of trend in extreme daily rainfall in southern France. Climate Dynamics, 51(3), 799–812.
Abstract: This paper makes a regional evaluation of trend in yearly maxima of daily rainfall in southern France, both at point and spatial scales on a regular grid of 8 x 8 km(2). In order to filter out the high variability of rainfall maxima, the current analysis is based on a non-stationary GEV modeling in which the location parameter is allowed to vary with time. Three non-stationary models are considered for each series of maxima by constraining the location parameter to vary either linearly, linearly after a given date or linearly up to a final date. Statistical criteria are used to compare these models and select the best starting or final point of putative trends. The analysis shows that, at regional scale, the best distribution of maxima involves a linear trend starting in year 1985 and that this trend is significant in half the region, including most of the mountain ranges and part of the Rhne valley. Increases in yearly maxima are considerable since they reach up more than 60 mm/day in 20 years, which is more than 40 % of the average maximum in this area.
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Blanchet, J., Stalla, S., & Creutin, J. D. (2018). Analogy of multiday sequences of atmospheric circulation favoring large rainfall accumulation over the French Alps. Atmospheric Science Letters, 19(3).
Abstract: We propose in this article an analogy approach for characterizing the similarity between daily atmospheric state sequencesin our case large-scale geopotential height fields. The similarity is measured using two indicesthe persistence and the singularity. The persistence of a sequence is defined through the average distance between its consecutive states. Its singularity is the average distance between its states and their closest analogues. We apply these indices to geopotential heights over Western Europe in view of characterizing the sequences yielding record rainfall accumulations over several days in the Northern French Alps, more specifically in the Isere River catchment at Grenoble. We show that these indices remarkably stratify the heaviness of rainfall sequences in the region. We find that the less singular and the more persistent the atmospheric state sequence, the wetter the rainfall sequence. Although the persistence of atmospheric states leading to extremes was expected, their low singularity might be a feature of the Northern French Alps, which usually experiences roughly westerly winds triggering orographically enhanced precipitation. Relying on some choices that may be improvable, our study opens the door to future research on the characterization of the atmospheric state sequences favoring regional climate extremes based on analogy.
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Brunner, M. I., Furrer, R., Sikorska, A. E., Viviroli, D., Seibert, J., & Favre, A. C. (2018). Synthetic design hydrographs for ungauged catchments: a comparison of regionalization methods. Stochastic Environmental Research And Risk Assessment, 32(7), 1993–2023.
Abstract: Design flood estimates for a given return period are required in both gauged and ungauged catchments for hydraulic design and risk assessments. Contrary to classical design estimates, synthetic design hydrographs provide not only information on the peak magnitude of events but also on the corresponding hydrograph volumes together with the hydrograph shapes. In this study, we tested different regionalization approaches to transfer parameters of synthetic design hydrographs from gauged to ungauged catchments. These approaches include classical regionalization methods such as linear regression techniques, spatial methods, and methods based on the formation of homogeneous regions. In addition to these classical approaches, we tested nonlinear regression models not commonly used in hydrological regionalization studies, such as random forest, bagging, and boosting. We found that parameters related to the magnitude of the design event can be regionalized well using both linear and nonlinear regression techniques using catchment area, length of the main channel, maximum precipitation intensity, and relief energy as explanatory variables. The hydrograph shape, however, was found to be more difficult to regionalize due to its high variability within a catchment. Such variability might be better represented by looking at flood-type specific synthetic design hydrographs.
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Brunner, M. I., Seibert, J., & Favre, A. C. (2018). Representative sets of design hydrographs for ungauged catchments: A regional approach using probabilistic region memberships. Advances In Water Resources, 112, 235–244.
Abstract: Traditional design flood estimation approaches have focused on peak discharges and have often neglected other hydrograph characteristics such as hydrograph volume and shape. Synthetic design hydrograph estimation procedures overcome this deficiency by jointly considering peak discharge, hydrograph volume, and shape. Such procedures have recently been extended to allow for the consideration of process variability within a catchment by a flood-type specific construction of design hydrographs. However, they depend on observed runoff time series and are not directly applicable in ungauged catchments where such series are not available. To obtain reliable flood estimates, there is a need for an approach that allows for the consideration of process variability in the construction of synthetic design hydrographs in ungauged catchments. In this study, we therefore propose an approach that combines a bivariate index flood approach with event-type specific synthetic design hydrograph construction. First, regions of similar flood reactivity are delineated and a classification rule that enables the assignment of ungauged catchments to one of these reactivity regions is established. Second, event-type specific synthetic design hydrographs are constructed using the pooled data divided by event type from the corresponding reactivity region in a bivariate index flood procedure. The approach was tested and validated on a dataset of 163 Swiss catchments. The results indicated that 1) random forest is a suitable classification model for the assignment of an ungauged catchment to one of the reactivity regions, 2) the combination of a bivariate index flood approach and event-type specific synthetic design hydrograph construction enables the consideration of event types in ungauged catchments, and 3) the use of probabilistic class memberships in regional synthetic design hydrograph construction helps to alleviate the problem of misclassification. Event-type specific synthetic design hydrograph sets enable the inclusion of process variability into design flood estimation and can be used as a compromise between single best estimate synthetic design hydrographs and continuous simulation studies.
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Brunner, M. I., Sikorska, A. E., Furrer, R., & Favre, A. C. (2018). Uncertainty Assessment of Synthetic Design Hydrographs for Gauged and Ungauged Catchments. Water Resources Research, 54(3), 1493–1512.
Abstract: Design hydrographs described by peak discharge, hydrograph volume, and hydrograph shape are essential for engineering tasks involving storage. Such design hydrographs are inherently uncertain as are classical flood estimates focusing on peak discharge only. Various sources of uncertainty contribute to the total uncertainty of synthetic design hydrographs for gauged and ungauged catchments. These comprise model uncertainties, sampling uncertainty, and uncertainty due to the choice of a regionalization method. A quantification of the uncertainties associated with flood estimates is essential for reliable decision making and allows for the identification of important uncertainty sources. We therefore propose an uncertainty assessment framework for the quantification of the uncertainty associated with synthetic design hydrographs. The framework is based on bootstrap simulations and consists of three levels of complexity. On the first level, we assess the uncertainty due to individual uncertainty sources. On the second level, we quantify the total uncertainty of design hydrographs for gauged catchments and the total uncertainty of regionalizing them to ungauged catchments but independently from the construction uncertainty. On the third level, we assess the coupled uncertainty of synthetic design hydrographs in ungauged catchments, jointly considering construction and regionalization uncertainty. We find that the most important sources of uncertainty in design hydrograph construction are the record length and the choice of the flood sampling strategy. The total uncertainty of design hydrographs in ungauged catchments depends on the catchment properties and is not negligible in our case.
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Brunner, M. I., Sikorska, A. E., & Seibert, J. (2018). Bivariate analysis of floods in climate impact assessments. Science Of The Total Environment, 616, 1392–1403.
Abstract: Climate impact studies regarding floods usually focus on peak discharges and a bivariate assessment of peak discharges and hydrograph volumes is not commonly included. A joint consideration of peak discharges and hydrograph volumes, however, is crucial when assessing flood risks for current and future climate conditions. Here, we present a methodology to develop synthetic design hydrographs for future climate conditions that jointly consider peak discharges and hydrograph volumes. First, change factors are derived based on a regional climate model and are applied to observed precipitation and temperature time series. Second, the modified time series are fed into a calibrated hydrological model to simulate runoff time series for future conditions. Third, these time series are used to construct synthetic design hydrographs. The bivariate flood frequency analysis used in the construction of synthetic design hydrographs takes into account the dependence between peak discharges and hydrograph volumes, and represents the shape of the hydrograph. The latter is modeled using a probability density function while the dependence between the design variables peak discharge and hydrograph volume is modeled using a copula. We applied this approach to a set of eight mountainous catchments in Switzerland to construct catchment-specific and season-specific design hydrographs for a control and three scenario climates. Our work demonstrates that projected climate changes have an impact not only on peak discharges but also on hydrograph volumes and on hydrograph shapes both at an annual and at a seasonal scale. These changes are not necessarily proportional which implies that climate impact assessments on future floods should consider more flood characteristics than just flood peaks. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Brunner, M. I., Viviroli, D., Furrer, R., Seibert, J., & Favre, A. C. (2018). Identification of Flood Reactivity Regions via the Functional Clustering of Hydrographs. Water Resources Research, 54(3), 1852–1867.
Abstract: Flood hydrograph shapes contain valuable information on the flood-generation mechanisms of a catchment. To make good use of this information, we express flood hydrograph shapes as continuous functions using a functional data approach. We propose a clustering approach based on functional data for flood hydrograph shapes to identify a set of representative hydrograph shapes on a catchment scale and use these catchment-specific sets of representative hydrographs to establish regions of catchments with similar flood reactivity on a regional scale. We applied this approach to flood samples of 163 medium-size Swiss catchments. The results indicate that three representative hydrograph shapes sufficiently describe the hydrograph shape variability within a catchment and therefore can be used as a proxy for the flood behavior of a catchment. These catchment-specific sets of three hydrographs were used to group the catchments into three reactivity regions of similar flood behavior. These regions were not only characterized by similar hydrograph shapes and reactivity but also by event magnitudes and triggering event conditions. We envision these regions to be useful in regionalization studies, regional flood frequency analyses, and to allow for the construction of synthetic design hydrographs in ungauged catchments. The clustering approach based on functional data which establish these regions is very flexible and has the potential to be extended to other geographical regions or toward the use in climate impact studies.
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Chardon, J., Hingray, B., & Favre, A. C. (2018). An adaptive two-stage analog/regression model for probabilistic prediction of small-scale precipitation in France. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 22(1), 265–286.
Abstract: Statistical downscaling models (SDMs) are often used to produce local weather scenarios from large-scale atmospheric information. SDMs include transfer functions which are based on a statistical link identified from observations between local weather and a set of large-scale predictors. As physical processes driving surface weather vary in time, the most relevant predictors and the regression link are likely to vary in time too. This is well known for precipitation for instance and the link is thus often estimated after some seasonal stratification of the data. In this study, we present a two-stage analog/regression model where the regression link is estimated from atmospheric analogs of the current prediction day. Atmospheric analogs are identified from fields of geopotential heights at 1000 and 500 hPa. For the regression stage, two generalized linear models are further used to model the probability of precipitation occurrence and the distribution of non-zero precipitation amounts, respectively. The two-stage model is evaluated for the probabilistic prediction of small-scale precipitation over France. It noticeably improves the skill of the prediction for both precipitation occurrence and amount. As the analog days vary from one prediction day to another, the atmospheric predictors selected in the regression stage and the value of the corresponding regression coefficients can vary from one prediction day to another. The model allows thus for a day-to-day adaptive and tailored downscaling. It can also reveal specific predictors for peculiar and non-frequent weather configurations.
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de Souza, D. B., Chanussot, J., Favre, A. C., & Borgnat, P. (2018). A nonparametric test for slowly-varying nonstationarities. Signal Processing, 143, 241–252.
Abstract: This paper develops a new nonparametric method that is suitable for detecting slowly-varying nonstationarities that can be seen as trends in the time marginal of the time-varying spectrum of the signal. The rationale behind the proposed method is to measure the importance of the trend in the time marginal by using a proper test statistic, and further compare this measurement with the ones that are likely to be found in stationary references. It is shown that the distribution of the test statistic under stationarity can be modeled fairly well by a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) pdf, from which a threshold can be derived for testing stationarity by means of a hypothesis test. Finally, the new method is compared with other ones found in the literature. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Delaygue, G., Brönnimann, S., Jones, P. D., Blanchet, J., & Schwander, M. (2018). Reconstruction of Lamb weather type series back to the eighteenth century. Climate Dynamics, .
Abstract: The Lamb weather type series is a subjective catalogue of daily atmospheric patterns and flow directions over the British Isles, covering the period 1861-1996. Based on synoptic maps, meteorologists have empirically classified surface pressure patterns over this area, which is a key area for the progression of Atlantic storm tracks towards Europe. We apply this classification to a set of daily pressure series from a few stations from western Europe, in order to reconstruct and to extend this daily weather type series back to 1781. We describe a statistical framework which provides, for each day, the weather types consistent enough with the observed pressure pattern, and their respective probability. Overall, this technique can correctly reconstruct almost 75% of the Lamb daily types, when simplified to the seven main weather types. The weather type series are described and compared to the original series for the winter season only. Since the low frequency variability of synoptic conditions is directly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), we derive from the weather type series an NAO index for winter. An interesting feature is a larger multidecadal variability during the nineteenth century than during the twentieth century.
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Diba, I., Camara, M., Sarr, A., & Diedhiou, A. (2018). Potential Impacts of Land Cover Change on the Interannual Variability of Rainfall and Surface Temperature over West Africa. Atmosphere, 9(10).
Abstract: We used the Abdu Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 4.5 (RegCM4.5), to investigate the potential impacts of land cover change of the Sahel-Sahara interface on the West African climate over an interannual timescale from 1990 to 2009. A simulation at 50 km grid spacing is performed with the standard version of the RegCM4.5 model (control run), followed by three vegetation change experiments at the Sahel-Sahara interface (15 degrees N and 20 degrees N): forest, tall grass, and short grass savanna. The impacts of land cover change are assessed by analyzing the difference between the altered runs and the control one in different sub-domains (western Sahel, central Sahel, eastern Sahel, and Guinea). Results show that the presence of forest, tall grass, and short grass savanna at the Sahel-Sahara interface tends to decrease the mean summer surface temperature in the whole domain. Nevertheless, this decrease is more pronounced over the Central Sahel when considering the forest experiment. This temperature decrease is associated with a weakening (strengthening) of the sensible (latent) heat flux in the whole domain. An analysis of the radiation field is performed to better explain the changes noted in the latent heat flux, the sensible heat flux, and the surface temperature. When considering the rainfall signal, the analysis shows that the afforestation options tend to alter the precipitation in the considered sub-domains substantially by increasing it in the whole Sahel region, with strong interannual variability. This rainfall increase is associated with an increase of the atmospheric moisture. Finally, we investigated the impacts of the afforestation options on some features of the rainfall events, and on the atmospheric dynamics during wet and dry years. All afforestation options tend to increase the frequency of the number of rainy days in regions located south of 18 degrees N during both periods. Nevertheless, this increase is stronger over the Central and Eastern Sahel during wet years in the forest case. All afforestation experiments induce an increase (decrease) of the low-levels monsoon flux in the Eastern Sahel (western Sahel) during both periods. At the mid-levels, the three afforestation options tend to move northward and to decrease the intensity of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) south of 13 degrees N during wet and dry years.The intensity of the AEJ is weaker during the wet period. The vegetation change experiments also affect the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), especially during wet years, by increasing its intensity over the southern Sahel. The analysis of the activity of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) patterns exhibits a decrease of the intensity of these disturbances over the Sahel during both periods. This may be due to the weakening of the meridional temperature contrast between the continent and the Gulf of Guinea due to the Sahel-Sahara surface temperature cooling induced by the afforestation. In summary, this study shows that during both periods, the increase of the atmospheric moisture due to the afforestation is associated with favorable AEJ/TEJ configurations (weaker and northward position of the AEJ; stronger TEJ) which in turn may create a stronger convection and then, an increase in the Sahel rainfall. This Sahel rainfall increase is associated with a strengthening of the intense and heavy rainfall events which may impact diversely local populations.
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Diedhiou, A., Bichet, A., Wartenburger, R., Seneviratne, S. I., Rowell, D. P., Sylla, M. B., et al. (2018). Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6).
Abstract: In this study, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over West and Central Africa (hereafter, WAF domain) as a function of global mean temperature with a focus on the implications of global warming of 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C according the Paris Agreement. We applied a scaling approach to capture changes in climate extremes with increase in global mean temperature in several subregions within the WAF domain: Western Sahel, Central Sahel, Eastern Sahel, Guinea Coast and Central Africa including Congo Basin. While there are several uncertainties and large ensemble spread in the projections of temperature and precipitation indices, most models show high-impact changes in climate extremes at subregional scale. At these smaller scales, temperature increases within the WAF domain are projected to be higher than the global mean temperature increase (at 1.5 degrees C and at 2 degrees C) and heat waves are expected to be more frequent and of longer duration. The most intense warming is observed over the drier regions of the Sahel, in the central Sahel and particularly in the eastern Sahel, where the precipitation and the soil moisture anomalies have the highest probability of projected increase at a global warming of 1.5 degrees C. Over the wetter regions of the Guinea Coast and Central Africa, models project a weak change in total precipitation and a decrease of the length of wet spells, while these two regions have the highest increase of heavy rainfall in the WAF domain at a global warming of 1.5 degrees C. Western Sahel is projected by 80% of the models to experience the strongest drying with a significant increase in the length of dry spells and a decrease in the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. This study suggests that the 'dry gets drier, wet gets wetter' paradigm is not valid within the WAF domain.
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Doumbia, M., Toure, N., Silue, S., Yoboue, V., Diedhiou, A., & Hauhouot, C. (2018). Emissions from the Road Traffic of West African Cities: Assessment of Vehicle Fleet and Fuel Consumption. Energies, 11(9).
Abstract: Traffic source emission inventories for the rapidly growing West African urban cities are necessary for better characterization of local vehicle emissions released into the atmosphere of these cities. This study is based on local field measurements in Yopougon (Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire) in 2016; a site representative of anthropogenic activities in West African cities. The measurements provided data on vehicle type and age, traveling time, fuel type, and estimated amount of fuel consumption. The data revealed high traffic flow of personal cars on highways, boulevards, and backstreets, whereas high flows of intra-communal sedan taxis were observed on main and secondary roads. In addition, the highest daily fuel consumption value of 56 L.day(-1) was recorded for heavy vehicles, while the lowest value of 15 L.day(-1) was recorded for personal cars using gasoline. This study is important for the improvement of uncertainties related to the different databases used to estimate emissions either in national or international reports. This work provides useful information for future studies on urban air quality, climate, and health impact assessments in African cities. It may also be useful for policy makers to support implementation of emission reduction policies in West African cities.
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Evin, G., Favre, A. - C., & Hingray, B. (2018). Stochastic generation of multi-site daily precipitation focusing on extreme events. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(1), 655–672. |
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Evin, G., Favre, A. - C., & Hingray, B. (2018). Stochastic generators of multi-site daily temperature: comparison of performances in various applications. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, .
Abstract: We present a multi-site stochastic model for the generation of average daily temperature, which includes a flexible parametric distribution and a multivariate autoregressive process. Different versions of this model are applied to a set of 26 stations located in Switzerland. The importance of specific statistical characteristics of the model (seasonality, marginal distributions of standardized temperature, spatial and temporal dependence) is discussed. In particular, the proposed marginal distribution is shown to improve the reproduction of extreme temperatures (minima and maxima). We also demonstrate that the frequency and duration of cold spells and heat waves are dramatically underestimated when the autocorrelation of temperature is not taken into account in the model. An adequate representation of these characteristics can be crucial depending on the field of application, and we discuss potential implications in different contexts (agriculture, forestry, hydrology, human health).
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Favre, A. C., Quessy, J. F., & Toupin, M. H. (2018). The new family of Fisher copulas to model upper tail dependence and radial asymmetry: Properties and application to high-dimensional rainfall data. Environmetrics, 29(3).
Abstract: Joint precipitation data measured at a large number of stations typically show tail asymmetry and significant upper tail dependence. Unfortunately, many multivariate dependence models that are commonly used in large dimensions such as the normal and the Student copulas are radially symmetric, whereas the recently introduced chi-square copula is asymmetric, but its tail dependence coefficients are null. In order to circumvent the limitations of the available models, the new family of Fisher copulas is introduced; it is shown that these dependence models are tail asymmetric and allow for upper tail dependence, among other characteristics. Two semiparametric strategies for parameter estimation in this class of copulas are proposed, and their efficiency in small and moderate sample sizes is investigated with the help of simulations. The usefulness of the parametric Fisher copula family is then illustrated on the modeling of the precipitation data observed at 105 stations within or close to the Aare river catchment in Switzerland.
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Francois, B., Hingray, B., Borga, M., Zoccatelli, D., Brown, C., & Creutin, J. D. (2018). Impact of Climate Change on Combined Solar and Run-of-River Power in Northern Italy. Energies, 11(2).
Abstract: Moving towards energy systems with high variable renewable energy shares requires a good understanding of the impacts of climate change on the energy penetration. To do so, most prior impact studies have considered climate projections available from Global Circulation Models (GCMs). Other studies apply sensitivity analyses on the climate variables that drive the system behavior to inform how much the system changes due to climate change. In the present work, we apply the Decision Scaling approach, a framework merging these two approaches, for analyzing a renewables-only scenario for the electric system of Northern Italy where the main renewable sources are solar and hydropower. Decision Scaling explores the system sensibility to a range of future plausible climate states. GCM projections are considered to estimate probabilities of the future climate states. We focus on the likely future energy mix within the region (25% of solar photovoltaic and 75% of hydropower). We also carry out a sensitivity analysis according to the storage capacity. The results show that run-of-the river power generation from this Alpine area is expected to increase although the average inflow decreases under climate change. They also show that the penetration rate is expected to increase for systems with storage capacity less than one month of average load and inversely for higher storage capacity.
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Froidurot, S., Molinie, G., & Diedhiou, A. (2018). Climatology of observed rainfall in Southeast France at the Regional Climate Model scales. Climate Dynamics, 51(3), 779–797.
Abstract: In order to provide convenient data to assess rainfall simulated by Regional Climate Models, a spatial database (hereafter called K-REF) has been designed. This database is used to examine climatological features of rainfall in Southeast France, a study region characterized by two mountain ranges of comparable altitude (the C,vennes and the Alps foothill) on both sides of the Rhne valley. Hourly records from 1993 to 2013 have been interpolated to a latitude-longitude regular grid and accumulated over 3-h periods in K-REF. The assessment of K-REF relatively to the SAFRAN daily rainfall reanalysis indicates consistent patterns and magnitudes between the two datasets even though K-REF fields are smoother. A multi-scale analysis of the occurrence and non-zero intensity of rainfall is performed and shows that the maps of the 50th and 95th percentiles of 3- and 24-h rain intensity highlight different patterns. The maxima of the 50th and 95th percentiles are located over plain and mountainous areas respectively. Moreover, the location of these maxima is not the same for the 3- and 24-h intensities. To understand these differences between median and intense rainfall on the one hand and between the 3- and 24-h rainfall on the other hand, we analyze the statistical distributions and the space-time structure of occurrence and intensity of the 3-h rainfall in two classes of days, defined as median and intense. This analysis illustrates the influence of two factors on the triggering and the intensity of rain in the region: the solar cycle and the orography. The orographic forcing appears to be quite different for the two ranges of the domain and is much more pronounced over the Cevennes.
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Gaillardet, J., Braud, I., Hankard, F., Anquetin, S., Bour, O., Dorfliger, N., et al. (2018). OZCAR: The French Network of Critical Zone Observatories. Vadose Zone Journal, 17(1).
Abstract: The French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique-Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories-Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR-RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre-existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between “the rock and the sky,” the Earth's skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR-RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR-RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict (“earthcast”) the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth's near surface and how they will change in response to the “new climatic regime.” The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ, and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross-cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR-RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR-RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre-existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER-ESFRI) project.
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Galle, S., Grippa, M., Peugeot, C., Moussa, I., Cappelaere, B., Demarty, J., et al. (2018). AMMA-CATCH, a Critical Zone Observatory in West Africa Monitoring a Region in Transition. Vadose Zone Journal, 17(1).
Abstract: West Africa is a region in fast transition from climate, demography, and land use perspectives. In this context, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)-Couplage de l'Atmosphere Tropicale et du Cycle eco-Hydrologique (CATCH) long-term regional observatory was developed to monitor the impacts of global change on the critical zone of West Africa and to better understand its current and future dynamics. The observatory is organized into three thematic axes, which drive the observation and instrumentation strategy: (i) analyze the long-term evolution of eco-hydrosystems from a regional perspective; (ii) better understand critical zone processes and their variability; and (iii) meet socioeconomic and development needs. To achieve these goals, the observatory has gathered data since 1990 from four densely instrumented mesoscale sites (similar to 10(4) km(2) each), located at different latitudes (Benin, Niger, Mali, and Senegal) so as to sample the sharp eco-climatic gradient that is characteristic of the region. Simultaneous monitoring of the vegetation cover and of various components of the water balance at these four sites has provided new insights into the seemingly paradoxical eco-hydrological changes observed in the Sahel during the last decades: groundwater recharge and/ or runoff intensification despite rainfall deficit and subsequent re-greening with still increasing runoff. Hydrological processes and the role of certain key landscape features are highlighted, as well as the importance of an appropriate description of soil and subsoil characteristics. Applications of these scientific results for sustainable development issues are proposed. Finally, detecting and attributing eco-hydrological changes and identifying possible regime shifts in the hydrologic cycle are the next challenges that need to be faced.
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Genthon, C., Berne, A., Grazioli, J., Alarcon, C., Praz, C., & Boudevillain, B. (2018). Precipitation at Dumont d'Urville, Adelie Land, East Antarctica: the APRES3 field campaigns dataset. Earth System Science Data, 10(3), 1605–1612.
Abstract: Compared to the other continents and lands, Antarctica suffers from a severe shortage of in situ observations of precipitation. APRES3 (Antarctic Precipitation, Remote Sensing from Surface and Space) is a program dedicated to improving the observation of Antarctic precipitation, both from the surface and from space, to assess climatologies and evaluate and ameliorate meteorological and climate models. A field measurement campaign was deployed at Dumont d'Urville station at the coast of Adelie Land in Antarctica, with an intensive observation period from November 2015 to February 2016 using X-band and K-band radars, a snow gauge, snowflake cameras and a disdrometer, followed by continuous radar monitoring through 2016 and beyond. Among other results, the observations show that a significant fraction of precipitation sublimates in a dry surface katabatic layer before it reaches and accumulates at the surface, a result derived from profiling radar measurements. While the bulk of the data analyses and scientific results are published in specialized journals, this paper provides a compact description of the dataset now archived in the PANGAEA data repository (https://www.pangaea.de, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.883562) and made open to the scientific community to further its exploitation for Antarctic meteorology and climate research purposes.
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Gutiérrez, J. M., Maraun, D., Widmann, M., Huth, R., Hertig, E., Benestad, R., et al. (2018). An intercomparison of a large ensemble of statistical downscaling methods over Europe: Results from the VALUE perfect predictor cross-validation experiment. Int. J. Climatol, .
Abstract: VALUE is an open European collaboration to intercompare downscaling approaches for climate change research, focusing on different validation aspects (marginal, temporal, extremes, spatial, process-based, etc.). Here we describe the participating methods and first results from the first experiment, using ?perfect? reanalysis (and reanalysis-driven regional climate model (RCM)) predictors to assess the intrinsic performance of the methods for downscaling precipitation and temperatures over a set of 86 stations representative of the main climatic regions in Europe. This study constitutes the largest and most comprehensive to date intercomparison of statistical downscaling methods, covering the three common downscaling approaches (perfect prognosis, model output statistics?including bias correction?and weather generators) with a total of over 50 downscaling methods representative of the most common techniques. Overall, most of the downscaling methods greatly improve (reanalysis or RCM) raw model biases and no approach or technique seems to be superior in general, because there is a large method-to-method variability. The main factors most influencing the results are the seasonal calibration of the methods (e.g., using a moving window) and their stochastic nature. The particular predictors used also play an important role in cases where the comparison was possible, both for the validation results and for the strength of the predictor?predictand link, indicating the local variability explained. However, the present study cannot give a conclusive assessment of the skill of the methods to simulate regional future climates, and further experiments will be soon performed in the framework of the EURO-CORDEX initiative (where VALUE activities have merged and follow on). Finally, research transparency and reproducibility has been a major concern and substantive steps have been taken. In particular, the necessary data to run the experiments are provided at http://www.value-cost.eu/data and data and validation results are available from the VALUE validation portal for further investigation: http://www.value-cost.eu/validationportal.
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Jean-Baptiste, P., Fourre, E., Petit, J. R., Lipenkov, V., Bulat, S., Chetverikov, Y., et al. (2018). Helium and Neon in the Accreted Ice of the Subglacial Antarctic Lake Vostok. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10), 4927–4932.
Abstract: We analyzed helium and neon in 24 samples from between 3,607 and 3,767m (i.e., down to 2m above the lake-ice interface) of the accreted ice frozen to the ceiling of Lake Vostok. Within uncertainties, the neon budget of the lake is balanced, the neon supplied to the lake by the melting of glacier ice being compensated by the neon exported by lake ice. The helium concentration in the lake is about 12 times more than in the glacier ice, with a measured He-3/He-4 ratio of 0.120.01R(a). This shows that Lake Vostok's waters are enriched by a terrigenic helium source. The He-3/He-4 isotope ratio of this helium source was determined. Its radiogenic value (0.057xR(a)) is typical of an old continental province, ruling out any magmatic activity associated with the tectonic structure of the lake. It corresponds to a low geothermal heat flow estimated at 51mW/m(2). Plain Language Summary Extending over 15,000km(2) in a deep trough north of Vostok station, Lake Vostok is the largest and the deepest among the many subglacial lakes to have been discovered in Antarctica. Its ice ceiling is tilted, with an ice thickness of 3,750m in the south and 4,300m in the north. As the melting point is pressure dependent, the base of the glacier melts on the thick side (northern region) whereas lake water refreezes in the south, where the Vostok station is located. Unlike most gases, helium and neon can be incorporated into the crystal structure of ice during freezing. This property makes helium and neon isotopes in the accreted ice a valuable source of information on the concentration and isotope composition of both gases in the lake water itself. Between 2006 and 2012, we collected 24 samples from between 3,607 and 3,767m (i.e., down to 2m above the lake-ice interface) of the accreted ice frozen to the ceiling of Lake Vostok (lake ice) for analyzing helium and neon. Within uncertainties, the neon concentration measured in the lake ice is equal to that in the glacier ice. This indicates that the neon budget of the lake is balanced, the neon supply to the lake by the melting of glacier ice being compensated by the Ne export by lake ice. This confirms earlier suggestions from radar data and GPS measurements of surface ice velocity that the water added to the lake by the melting of glacier ice is balanced by the lake ice, which is exported by the glacier's movement out of the lake. Helium isotopes (He-3 and He-4) are sensitive indicators of tectonic-magmatic activity. In continental areas of recent tectonic-magmatic activity such as geothermal areas, the ratio He-3/He-4 is at its highest, accompanied by excess heat flow. On the contrary, in stable continental areas, low He-3/He-4 ratios are found. The low He-3/He-4 ratio in Lake Vostok clearly demonstrates the absence of volcanic and/or magmatic activity associated with the tectonic structure of the lake, in agreement with the absence of magnetic anomaly. The helium concentration in the lake is about 12 times the concentration measured in the glacier ice. This shows that the Lake Vostok's waters are enriched from beneath by a flux of helium typical of an old stable continental province. Helium isotopes points to a low geothermal heat flow beneath the lake. We estimate this heat flow at 51mW/m(2). This value is fully consistent with the heat flow map for Antarctica inferred from satellite magnetic data and corresponds to the baseline heat fl
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Khedhaouiria, D., Mailhot, A., & Favre, A. (2018). Daily Precipitation Fields Modeling across the Great Lakes Region (Canada) by Using the CFSR Reanalysis. Journal Of Applied Meteorology And Climatology, 57(10), 2419–2438.
Abstract: Reanalyses, generated by numerical weather prediction methods assimilating past observations, provide consistent and continuous meteorological fields for a specific period. In regard to precipitation, reanalyses cannot be used as a climate proxy of the observed precipitation, as biases and scale mismatches exist between the datasets. In the present study, a stochastic model output statistics (SMOS) approach combined with meta-Gaussian spatiotemporal random fields was employed to cope with these caveats. The SMOS is based on the generalized linear model (GLM) and the vector generalized linear model (VGLM) frameworks to model the precipitation occurrence and intensity, respectively. Both models use the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) precipitation as covariate and were locally calibrated at 173 sites across the Great Lakes region. Combined with meta-Gaussian random fields, the GLM and VGLM models allowed for the generation of spatially coherent daily precipitation fields across the region. The results indicated that the approach corrected systematic biases and provided an accurate spatiotemporal structure of daily precipitation. Performances of selected precipitation indicators from the joint Commission for Climatology (CCl)/CLIVAR/JCOMM Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) were good and were systematically improved when compared to CFSR.
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Khedhaouiria, D., Mailhot, A., & Favre, A. C. (2018). Stochastic Post-Processing of CFSR Daily Precipitation across Canada. Atmosphere-Ocean, 56(2), 104–116.
Abstract: Reanalyses, based on numerical weather prediction methods assimilating past observations, provide continuous precipitation datasets and represent interesting options for assessing the climatology of regions with sparse station networks (e.g., northern Canada). However, reanalysis series cannot be used directly because of possible biases and mismatch between their spatial and temporal resolutions with that needed for local applications. To address these issues, a Stochastic Model Output Statistics (SMOS) approach was selected to post-process precipitation series simulated by the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) across Canada. This approach uses CFSR precipitation as a covariate and is based on two regression models: the first one is a logistic regression that deals with precipitation occurrence, and the second is a vector generalized linear model for precipitation intensity. At-site post-processed daily precipitation series are randomly generated using the SMOS approach, and selected climate indicators from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices, which is jointly sponsored by the Commission for Climatology of the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme, the Climate Variability and Predictability Programme of the World Climate Research Programme, and the Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (CCI/CLIVAR/JCOMM) are estimated and compared with corresponding observed and CFSR values. The two models in the SMOS approach, in addition to adequately correcting systematic biases, produced better predictions than the climatology of the wet and dry and intensity sequences. Additionally, the SMOS generally yields consistent climate indices when compared with those from CFSR without post-processing, though there is still room for improvement for specific indices (e.g., annual maximum of cumulative wet days).
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Kone, B., Diedhiou, A., Toure, N., Sylla, M., Giorgi, F., Anquetin, S., et al. (2018). Sensitivity study of the regional climate model RegCM4 to different convective schemes over West Africa. Earth System Dynamics, 9(4), 1261–1278.
Abstract: The latest version of RegCM4 with CLM4.5 as a land surface scheme was used to assess the performance and sensitivity of the simulated West African climate system to different convection schemes. The sensitivity studies were performed over the West African domain from November 2002 to December 2004 at a spatial resolution of 50 km x 50 km and involved five convective schemes: (i) Emanuel; (ii) Grell; (iii) Emanuel over land and Grell over ocean (Mix1); (iv) Grell over land and Emanuel over ocean (Mix2); and (v) Tiedtke. All simulations were forced with ERA-Interim data. Validation of surface temperature at 2 m and precipitation were conducted using data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU), Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) during June to September (rainy season), while the simulated atmospheric dynamic was compared to ERA-Interim data. It is worth noting that the few previous similar sensitivity studies conducted in the region were performed using BATS as a land surface scheme and involved less convective schemes. Compared with the previous version of RegCM, RegCM4-CLM also shows a general cold bias over West Africa whatever the convective scheme used. This cold bias is more reduced when using the Emanuel convective scheme. In terms of precipitation, the dominant feature in model simulations is a dry bias that is better reduced when using the Emanuel convective scheme. Considering the good performance with respect to a quantitative evaluation of the temperature and precipitation simulations over the entire West African domain and its subregions, the Emanuel convective scheme is recommended for the study of the West African climate system.
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Kushner, P. J., Mudryk, L. R., Merryfield, W., Ambadan, J. T., Berg, A., Bichet, A., et al. (2018). Canadian snow and sea ice: assessment of snow, sea ice, and related climate processes in Canada's Earth system model and climate-prediction system. Cryosphere, 12(4), 1137–1156.
Abstract: The Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network is a climate research network focused on developing and applying state-of-the-art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, and understanding of seasonal snow cover and sea ice in Canada and the circumpolar Arctic. This study presents an assessment from the CanSISE Network of the ability of the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) and the Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (CanSIPS) to simulate and predict snow and sea ice from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales, with a focus on the Canadian sector. To account for observational uncertainty, model structural uncertainty, and internal climate variability, the analysis uses multi-source observations, multiple Earth system models (ESMs) in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), and large initial-condition ensembles of CanESM2 and other models. It is found that the ability of the CanESM2 simulation to capture snow-related climate parameters, such as cold-region surface temperature and precipitation, lies within the range of currently available international models. Accounting for the considerable disagreement among satellite-era observational datasets on the distribution of snow water equivalent, CanESM2 has too much springtime snow mass over Canada, reflecting a broader northern hemispheric positive bias. Biases in seasonal snow cover extent are generally less pronounced. CanESM2 also exhibits retreat of springtime snow generally greater than observational estimates, after accounting for observational uncertainty and internal variability. Sea ice is biased low in the Canadian Arctic, which makes it difficult to assess the realism of long-term sea ice trends there. The strengths and weaknesses of the modelling system need to be understood as a practical tradeoff: the Canadian models are relatively inexpensive computationally because of their moderate resolution, thus enabling their use in operational seasonal prediction and for generating large ensembles of multidecadal simulations. Improvements in climate-prediction systems like CanSIPS rely not just on simulation quality but also on using novel observational constraints and the ready transfer of research to an operational setting. Improvements in seasonal forecasting practice arising from recent research include accurate initialization of snow and frozen soil, accounting for observational uncertainty in forecast verification, and sea ice thickness initialization using statist
ical predictors available in real time. |
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Lac, C., Chaboureau, J. P., Masson, V., Pinty, J. P., Tulet, P., Escobar, J., et al. (2018). Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications. Geoscientific Model Development, 11(5), 1929–1969.
Abstract: This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameter-ization schemes that are important to represent convectivescale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.
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Lavaysse, C., Vogt, J., Toreti, A., Carrera, M., & Pappenberger, F. (2018). On the use of weather regimes to forecast meteorological drought over Europe. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 18(12), 3297–3309.
Abstract: An early warning system for drought events can provide valuable information for decision makers dealing with water resources management and international aid. However, predicting such extreme events is still a big challenge. In this study, we compare two approaches for drought predictions based on forecasted precipitation derived from the Ensemble extended forecast model (ENS) of the ECMWF, and on forecasted monthly occurrence anomalies of weather regimes (MOAWRs), also derived from the ECMWF model. Results show that the MOAWRs approach outperforms the one based on forecasted precipitation in winter in the north-eastern parts of the European continent, where more than 65 % of droughts are detected 1 month in advance. The approach based on forecasted precipitation achieves better performance in predicting drought events in central and eastern Europe in both spring and summer, when the local at mospheric forcing could be the key driver of the precipitation. Sensitivity tests also reveal the challenges in predicting small-scale droughts and drought onsets at longer lead times. Finally, the results show that the ENS model of the ECMWF successfully represents most of the observed linkages between large-scale atmospheric patterns, depicted by the weather regimes and drought events over Europe.
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Melese, V., Blanchet, J., & Molinie, G. (2018). Uncertainty estimation of Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationships: A regional analysis. Journal Of Hydrology, 558, 579–591.
Abstract: We propose in this article a regional study of uncertainties in IDF curves derived from point-rainfall maxima. We develop two generalized extreme value models based on the simple scaling assumption, first in the frequentist framework and second in the Bayesian framework. Within the frequentist framework, uncertainties are obtained i) from the Gaussian density stemming from the asymptotic normality theorem of the maximum likelihood and ii) with a bootstrap procedure. Within the Bayesian framework, uncertainties are obtained from the posterior densities. We confront these two frameworks on the same database covering a large region of 100, 000 km(2) in southern France with contrasted rainfall regime, in order to be able to draw conclusion that are not specific to the data. The two frameworks are applied to 405 hourly stations with data back to the 1980's, accumulated in the range 3 h-120 h. We show that i) the Bayesian framework is more robust than the frequentist one to the starting point of the estimation procedure, ii) the posterior and the bootstrap densities are able to better adjust uncertainty estimation to the data than the Gaussian density, and iii) the bootstrap density give unreasonable confidence intervals, in particular for return levels associated to large return period. Therefore our recommendation goes towards the use of the Bayesian framework to compute uncertainty. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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N'Datchoh, E. T., Diallo, I., Konare, A., Silue, S., Ogunjobi, K. O., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2018). Dust induced changes on the West African summer monsoon features. International Journal Of Climatology, 38(1), 452–466.
Abstract: Dust generation and transportation from North Africa are thought to modulate the West African Monsoon (WAM) features. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the Saharan Air Layer located above Atlantic Ocean (OSAL) and WAM features, including Monsoon flow, African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) over West Africa using the RegCM4 regional model at 30 km grid resolution. Two sets of experiments with and without dust load were performed between 2007 and 2013 over the simulation domain, encompassing the whole of West Africa and a large part of the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. An intercomparison of the two simulations shows that dust load into the atmosphere greatly influences both the wind and temperature structure at different levels, resulting in the observed changes in the main features of the WAM system during summer. These changes lead to a westward shift with a slight strengthening of AEJ core over tropical Atlantic and weakening of both TEJ and monsoon flux penetration over land. In addition, despite running the RegCM4 with prescribed sea surface temperature, a correlation has been found between Aerosol Optical Depths in OSAL and WAM dynamics suggesting a mechanistic link between dust and WAM well reproduced by RegCM4.
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Navas, R., & Delrieu, G. (2018). Distributed hydrological modeling of floods in the Cevennes-Vivarais region, France: Impact of uncertainties related to precipitation estimation and model parameterization. Journal Of Hydrology, 565, 276–288.
Abstract: The Cevennes-Vivarais (France) is a region prone to heavy precipitation events and flash floods occurring mainly during the autumn season. Due to this vulnerability, it is a well instrumented region to monitor rainfall (4 weather radars of the French ARAMIS radar network, 200 hourly raingauges) and river discharge (45 stations). A multiscale radar-raingauge rainfall re-analysis from 10 to 300 km(2) and 1 h time step has been established for the period 2007-2014 by using the kriging with external drift (KED) technique. In the present work, a quantification of the isolated and joint impacts of precipitation and model uncertainties in distributed rainfall-runoff simulations is presented for 10 km(2)-1 h model resolution. For this purpose the following methodology is implemented: (1) Development of a distributed hydrological model based on the Curve Number and the Unit Hydrograph concepts for the Ardeche and Gardon catchments; (2) Generation of an ensemble of perturbed precipitation fields based on the KED error standard deviations and the space-time structure of the residuals to the drift. (3) Generation of so-called behavioral parameter sets for the hydrological model based on generalized sensitive analysis (GSA) and the use of discharge observations; (4) Implementation of the hydrological model for gauged and ungauged catchments with the radar-raingauge rainfall ensembles and the various parameter sets. Uncertainties in rainfall and runoff simulations are then quantified in terms of coefficient of variation. The main findings reveal that (i) the precipitation uncertainty is dampened in the hydrological simulation, especially as long as the size of the watershed increases; in the considered context, the model uncertainty dominates the precipitation uncertainty and it is shown to be independent on catchment size.
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Nicolet, G., Eckert, N., Morin, S., & Blanchet, J. (2018). Assessing Climate Change Impact on the Spatial Dependence of Extreme Snow Depth Maxima in the French Alps. Water Resources Research, 54(10), 7820–7840.
Abstract: Modeling extreme snow depths in space is important for water storage, tourism industry, mountain ecosystems, collapse of buildings, and avalanche prevention. However, studies modeling the spatial dependence structure of extremes generally assume temporal stationarity which is clearly questionable in a climate change context. We model climatic trends within the spatial dependence structure of extremes, with application to a data set of snow depth winter maxima. From 82 stations spanning the 1970-2012 period in the French Alps, we infer a strong decrease in the range of spatial extremal dependence. This finding is related to a strong decrease in both the snow precipitation ratio and the winter cumulated snowfall, due to increasing temperatures. Hence, we demonstrate that the spatial dependence of extreme snow depths is impacted by climate change in a similar way as has been observed for extreme snowfalls. Furthermore, snow depths maxima are more spatially dependent than snowfalls. The space-time approach that we introduce may be very useful for assessing past and future evolutions under ongoing climate change in various hydrological quantities.
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Obahoundje, S., Diedhiou, A., Ofosu, E. A., Anquetin, S., François, B., Adounkpe, J., et al. (2018). Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Changes of Land Use and Land Cover over South-Western African Basins and Their Relations with Variations of Discharges. Hydrology, 5(4).
Abstract: West African basins play a vital role in the socio-economic development of the region. They are mostly trans-boundary and sources of different land use practices. This work attempts to assess the spatio-temporal land use and land cover changes over three South Western African basins (Volta, Mono and Sassandra basins) and their influence on discharge. The land use and land cover maps of each basin were developed for 1988, 2002 and 2016. The results show that all the studied basins present an increase in water bodies, built-up, agricultural land and a decline in vegetative areas. These increases in water bodies and land use are as a result of an increase in small reservoirs, of dugouts and of dam constructions. However, the decline in some vegetative clusters could be attributed to the demographic and socio-economic growth as expressed by the expansion of agriculture and urbanization. The basic statistical analysis of precipitation and discharge data reveals that the mean annual discharge varies much more than the total annual precipitation at the three basins. For instance, in the entire Volta basin, the annual precipitation coefficient of variation (CV) is 10% while the annual discharge CV of Nawuni, Saboba and Bui are 43.6%, 36.51% and 47.43%, respectively. In Mono basin, the annual precipitation CV is 11.5% while the Nangbeto and Athieme annual discharge CV are 37.15% and 46.60%, respectively. The annual precipitation CV in Sassandra basin is 7.64% while the annual discharge CV of Soubre and Dakpadou are 29.41% and 37%, respectively. The discharge varies at least three times much more than the precipitation in the studied basins. The same conclusion was found for all months except the driest months (December and January). We showed that this great variation in discharge is mainly due to land use and land cover changes. Beside the hydrological modification of the land use and land cover changes, the climate of the region as well as the water quality and availability and the hydropower generation may be impacted by these changes in land surfaces conditions. Therefore, these impacts should be further assessed to implement appropriate climate services and measures for a sustainable land use and water management.
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Rapuc, W., Sabatier, P., Andric, M., Crouzet, C., Arnaud, F., Chapron, E., et al. (2018). 6600 years of earthquake record in the Julian Alps (Lake Bohinj, Slovenia). Sedimentology, 65(5), 1777–1799.
Abstract: Sequences of lake sediments often form long and continuous records that may be sensitive recorders of seismic shaking. A multi-proxy analysis of Lake Bohinj sediments associated with a well-constrained chronology was conducted to reconstruct Holocene seismic activity in the Julian Alps (Slovenia). A seismic reflection survey and sedimentological analyses identified 29 homogenite-type deposits related to mass-wasting deposits. The most recent homogenites can be linked to historical regional earthquakes (i.e. 1348ad, 1511ad and 1690ad) with strong epicentral intensity [greater than damaging' (VIII) on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale]. The correlation between the historical earthquake data set and the homogenites identified in a core isolated from local stream inputs, allows interpretation of all similar deposits as earthquake related. This work extends the earthquake chronicle of the last 6600years in this area with a total of 29 events recorded. The early Holocene sedimentary record is disturbed by a seismic event (6617 +/- 94calyrbp) that reworked previously deposited sediment and led to a thick sediment deposit identified in the seismic survey. The period between 3500calyrbp and 2000calyrbp is characterized by a major destabilization in the watershed by human activities that led to increases in erosion and sedimentation rates. This change increased the lake's sensitivity to recording an earthquake (earthquake-sensitivity threshold index) with the occurrence of 72 turbidite-type deposits over this period. The high turbidite frequency identified could be the consequence of this change in lake earthquake sensitivity and thus these turbidites could be triggered by earthquake shaking, as other origins are discarded. This study illustrates why it is not acceptable to propose a return period for seismic activity recorded in lake sediment if the sedimentation rate varies significantly.
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Raynaud, D., Hingray, B., Francois, B., & Creutin, J. D. (2018). Energy droughts from variable renewable energy sources in European climates. Renewable Energy, 125, 578–589.
Abstract: The increasing share of variable renewable energy sources in the power supply system raises questions about the reliability and the steadiness of the production. In this study, we assess the main statistical characteristics of “energy droughts” for wind, solar and run-of-the-river hydro power in Europe. We propose two concepts of energy droughts, considering either: Energy Production Droughts (EPD) as sequences of days with low power production or Energy Supply Droughts (ESD) as sequences of days with a high production/demand mismatch. Using a set of adhoc weather-to-energy conversion models, we characterize energy droughts in 12 European regions from 30-yr series of daily wind, solar, hydro power and energy demand. The characteristics of EPD are very different between sources with short but frequent wind power droughts and rare but long hydro power ones. Solar power droughts are very region-dependent with much longer droughts in Northern Europe. ESD are next characterized in a 100% renewable energy scenario. The features of EPD and ESD differ significantly, highlighting the interplay with the energy demand. Moreover, both duration and frequency of energy droughts decrease when mixing energy sources or when some storage capacity balances the temporal production/demand mismatch. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Sabatier, P., Wilhelm, B., Ficetola, G. F., Moiroux, F., Poulenard, J., Develle, A. L., et al. (2018). Corrigendum to: 6-kyr record of flood frequency and intensity in the western Mediterranean Alps – Interplay of solar and temperature forcing (vol 170, pg 121, 2017). Quaternary Science Reviews, 186, 298. |
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Souverijns, N., Gossart, A., Lhermitte, S., Gorodetskaya, I., Grazioli, J., Berne, A., et al. (2018). Evaluation of the CloudSat surface snowfall product over Antarctica using ground-based precipitation radars. Cryosphere, 12(12), 3775–3789.
Abstract: In situ observations of snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet are scarce. Currently, continent-wide assessments of snowfall are limited to information from the Cloud Profiling Radar on board the CloudSat satellite, which has not been evaluated up to now. In this study, snowfall derived from CloudSat is evaluated using three ground-based vertically profiling 24 GHz precipitation radars (Micro Rain Radars: MRRs). Firstly, using the MRR long-term measurement records, an assessment of the uncertainty caused by the low temporal sampling rate of CloudSat (one revisit per 2.1 to 4.5 days) is performed. The 10-90th-percentile temporal sampling uncertainty in the snowfall climatology varies between 30 % and 40 % depending on the latitudinal location and revisit time of CloudSat. Secondly, an evaluation of the snowfall climatology indicates that the CloudSat product, derived at a resolution of 1 degrees latitude by 2 degrees longitude, is able to accurately represent the snowfall climatology at the three MRR sites (biases < 15 %), outperforming ERA-Interim. For coarser and finer resolutions, the performance drops as a result of higher omission errors by CloudSat. Moreover, the CloudSat product does not perform well in simulating individual snowfall events. Since the difference between the MRRs and the CloudSat climatology are limited and the temporal uncertainty is lower than current Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) snowfall variability, our results imply that the CloudSat product is valuable for climate model evaluation purposes.
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Sylla, M. B., Faye, A., Giorgi, F., Diedhiou, A., & Kunstmann, H. (2018). Projected Heat Stress Under 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C Global Warming Scenarios Creates Unprecedented Discomfort for Humans in West Africa. Earths Future, 6(7), 1029–1044.
Abstract: Heat and discomfort indices are applied to the multimodel ensemble mean of COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment-Africa regional climate model projections to investigate future changes in heat stress and the proportion of human population at risk under 1.5 degrees C and 2 degrees C global warming scenarios over West Africa. The results show that heat stress of category Extreme Caution is projected to extend spatially (up to 25%) over most of the Gulf of Guinea, Sahel, and Sahara desert areas, with different regional coverage during the various seasons. Similarly, the projected seasonal proportion of human population at discomfort substantially increases to more than 50% over most of the region. In particular, in June-August over the Sahel and the western Sahara desert, new areas (15% of West Africa) where most of the population is at risk emerge. This indicates that from 50% to almost everyone over most of the Sahel countries and part of the western Sahara desert is at risk of possible heat cramp, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke in future climate scenarios. These conditions become more frequent and are accompanied by the emergence of days with dangerous heat stress category during which everyone feels discomfort and is vulnerable to a likely heat cramp and heat exhaustion. In general, all the above features are more extended and more frequent in the 2 degrees C than in the 1.5 degrees C scenario. Protective measures are thus required for outdoor workers, occupational settings in hot environments, and people engaged in strenuous activities.
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Taufour, M., Vie, B., Augros, C., Boudevillain, B., Delanoe, J., Delautier, G., et al. (2018). Evaluation of the two-moment scheme LIMA based on microphysical observations from the HyMeX campaign. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, 144(714), 1398–1414.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to present and evaluate the new LIMA (Liquid Ice Multiple Aerosols) microphysical scheme, which predicts six water species (water vapour, cloud water, rainwater, primary ice crystals, snow aggregates, and graupel). LIMA uses a two-moment parametrization for three hydrometeor species (ice crystals, cloud droplets, and raindrops), and is derived from the one-moment scheme ICE3 used daily in the AROME cloud-resolving operational model at Meteo-France. In addition, it integrates a prognostic representation of the aerosol population. To evaluate the scheme, we simulate two well-documented Heavy Precipitation Events from the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) campaign. The LIMA simulations are compared to ICE3 simulations and to a large variety of observations, such as rainfall accumulation from rain gauges, particle size distributions from disdrometers, airborne in situ measurements of ice particles, and dual-polarization radar variables. The evaluation suggests that the rain mixing ratio prognosed by LIMA is more realistic than that prognosed by ICE3. Comparisons with disdrometers and dual-polarization radars highlight the better representation of the rain microphysical variability when using LIMA and also its overprediction of raindrops with large diameters. The vertical composition of the convective cells is also improved by the two-moment ice parametrization in the LIMA scheme, which impacts the contents of the one-moment parametrized snow and graupel species. This evaluation of LIMA suggests ways to improve the hydrometeor representation, focusing especially on the description of the particle size distributions for different water species.
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Uber, M., Vandervaere, J., Zin, I., Braud, I., Heistermann, M., Legout, C., et al. (2018). How does initial soil moisture influence the hydrological response? A case study from southern France. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 22(12), 6127–6146.
Abstract: The Cevennes-Vivarais region in southern France is prone to heavy rainfall that can lead to flash floods which are one of the most hazardous natural risks in Europe. The results of numerous studies show that besides rainfall and physical catchment characteristics the catchment's initial soil moisture also impacts the hydrological response to rain events. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between catchment mean initial soil moisture (theta) over bar (ini) and the hydrological response that is quantified using the event-based runoff coefficient phi(ev) in the two nested catchments of the Gazel (3.4 km(2)) and the Claduegne (43 km(2)). Thus, the objectives are twofold: (1) obtaining meaningful estimates of soil moisture at catchment scale from a dense network of in situ measurements and (2) using this estimate of (theta) over bar (ini) to analyze its relation with phi(ev) calculated for many runoff events. A sampling setup including 45 permanently installed frequency domain reflectancy probes that continuously measure soil moisture at three depths is applied. Additionally, on-alert surface measurements at approximate to 10 locations in each one of 11 plots are conducted. Thus, catchment mean soil moisture can be confidently assessed with a standard error of the mean of <= 1.7 vol% over a wide range of soil moisture conditions. The phi(ev) is calculated from high-resolution discharge and precipitation data for several rain events with a cumulative precipitation P-cum ranging from less than 5mm to more than 80 mm. Because of the high uncertainty of phi(ev) associated with the hydrograph separation method, phi(ev) is calculated with several methods, including graphical methods, digital filters and a tracer-based method. The results indicate that the hydrological response depends on (theta) over bar (ini): during dry conditions phi(ev) is consistently below 0.1, even for events with high and intense precipitation. Above a threshold of (theta) over bar (ini) = 34 vol % phi(ev) can reach values up to 0.99 but there is a high scatter. Some variability can be explained with a weak correlation of phi(ev) with P-cum and rain intensity, but a considerable part of the variability remains unexplained. It is concluded that threshold-based methods can be helpful to prevent overestimation of the hydrological response during dry catchment conditions. The impact of soil moisture on the hydrological response during wet catchment conditions, however, is still insufficiently understood and cannot be generalized based on the present results.
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Wilcox, C., Vischel, T., Panthou, G., Bodian, A., Blanchet, J., Descroix, L., et al. (2018). Trends in hydrological extremes in the Senegal and Niger Rivers. Journal Of Hydrology, 566, 531–545.
Abstract: In recent years, West Africa has witnessed an increasing number of damaging floods that raise the question of a possible intensification of the hydrological hazards in the region. In this study, the evolution of extreme floods is analyzed over the period 1950-2015 for seven tributaries in the Sudano-Guinean part of the Senegal River basin and four data sets in the Sahelian part of the Niger River basin. Non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (NS-GEV) distributions including twelve models with time-dependent parameters plus a stationary GEV are applied to annual maxima of daily discharge (AMAX) series. An original methodology is proposed for comparing GEV models and selecting the best for use. The stationary GEV is rejected for all stations, demonstrating the significant non-stationarity of extreme discharge values in West Africa over the past six decades. The model of best fit most commonly selected is a double-linear model for the central tendency parameter (mu), with the dispersion parameter (sigma) modeled as either stationary, linear, or a double-linear. Change points in double-linear models are relatively consistent for the Senegal basin, with stations switching from a decreasing streamflow trend to an increasing streamflow trend in the early 1980s. In the Niger basin the trend in μis generally positive since the 1970s with an increase in slope after the change point, but the change point location is less consistent. The recent increasing trends in extreme discharges are reflected in an especially marked increase in return level magnitudes since the 1980s in the studied Sahelian rivers. The rate of the increase indicated by the study results raises urgent considerations for stakeholders and engineers who are in charge of river basin management and hydraulic works sizing.
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Wilhelm, B., Ballesteros Canovas, J. A., Corella Aznar, J. P., Kämpf, L., Swierczynski, T., Stoffel, M., et al. (2018). Recent advances in paleoflood hydrology: From new archives to data compilation and analysis. Water Security, 3, 1–8.
Abstract: Assessments of present and future flood hazard are often limited by the scarcity and short time span of the instrumental time series. In pursuit of documenting the occurrence and magnitude of pre-instrumental flood events, the field of paleoflood hydrology emerged during the second half of the 20th century. Historically, this field has mainly been developed on the identification and dating of flood evidence in fluvial sedimentary archives. In the last two decades, paleoflood hydrology approaches have also been deployed to investigate past floods contained in other natural archives. This article reviews major methodological and technological advancements in the study of lake sediments with the aim to showcase new, robust and continuous paleoflood series. Methodological advancements of flood archives such as tree rings and speleothems are also addressed. The recent developments in these fields have resulted in a growing paleoflood community that opens for cross-disciplinary analysis and synthesis of large data sets to meet the pressing scientific challenges in understanding changes in flood frequency and magnitude.
Keywords: Paleoflood hydrology; Natural archives; Flood hazard; Field history; Advances; Challenges
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Blanchet, J., & Creutin, J. D. (2017). Co-Occurrence of Extreme Daily Rainfall in the French Mediterranean Region. Water Resources Research, 53(11), 9330–9349.
Abstract: We propose in this article a statistical framework to study local disparities in the co-occurrence of extreme rainfall in the French Mediterranean region. We employ a region-of-influence approach by studying the likelihood of the 3% largest daily rainfall to occur simultaneously at less than 50 km distance, when moving across the region. Our model uses an anisotropic max-stable process allowing us to properly represent the co-occurrence of daily extremes and including the possibility of a preferred direction of co-occurrence. We use this framework on a dense network composed of almost 900 daily stations spread over a 100,000 km(2) region of southern France under a Mediterranean influence, with data back to 1948. This density allows us to study the spatial patterns in the co-occurrence of extreme rainfall at fine scale and by so to characterize the main precipitation systems leading to extremes in the region. We show in particular that concomitant extremes are the most likely along the crest line of the Massif Central, which is also the area where the magnitude of extremes is among the largest. This may be of concern for flood risk management.
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Deal, E., Favre, A. C., & Braun, J. (2017). Rainfall variability in the Himalayan orogen and its relevance to erosion processes. Water Resources Research, 53(5), 4004–4021.
Abstract: Rainfall is an important driver of erosion processes. The mean rainfall rate is often used to account for the erosive impact of a particular climate. However, for some erosion processes, erosion rate is a nonlinear function of rainfall, e.g., due to a threshold for erosion. When this is the case, it is important to take into account the full distribution of rainfall, instead of just the mean. In light of this, we have characterized the variability of daily rainfall over the Himalayan orogen using high spatial and temporal resolution rainfall data sets. We find significant variations in rainfall variability over the Himalayan orogen, with increasing rainfall variability to the west and north of the orogen. By taking into account variability of rainfall in addition to mean rainfall rate, we find a pattern of rainfall that, from a geomorphological perspective, is significantly different from mean rainfall rate alone. Using these findings, we argue that short-term rainfall variability may help explain observed short and long-term erosion rates in the Himalayan orogen. Plain Language Summary An important topic in earth science is understanding how climate and tectonic forces interact to shape the surface of the Earth. One of the main influences that climate has on the Earth's surface is to cause erosion by delivering water to landscapes as rain and snow. Wetter climates should, in general, cause more erosion than drier climates, which is why the mean annual rainfall has traditionally been used as a measure of the erosive strength of climate. However, field evidence seems to suggest that the effect of climate is more sophisticated than can be captured with the mean annual rainfall. There is a considerable body of theory demonstrating that the intensity of rainfall, or storminess, is an equally important aspect of how climate causes erosion. In light of this, we have characterized the storminess in the Himalayan mountain range, a place with high erosion rates driven by rainfall. We show that there is large variation in storminess from place to place in the Himalayas, and that this can help explain observed rates of erosion, which do not match mean annual rainfall rates.
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Destro, E., Marra, F., Nikolopoulos, E. I., Zoccatelli, D., Creutin, J. D., & Borga, M. (2017). Spatial estimation of debris flows-triggering rainfall and its dependence on rainfall return period. Geomorphology, 278, 269–279.
Abstract: Forecasting the occurrence of debris flows is fundamental for issuing hazard warnings, and often focuses on rainfall as a triggering agent and on the use of empirical rainfall thresholds based on rain gauge observations. A recognized component of the uncertainty associated with the use of rainfall thresholds is related to the sampling of strongly varying rainfall variability with sparse rain gauge networks. In this work we examine the spatial distribution of rainfall depth in areas up to 10 km from the debris flow initiation points as a function of return period, and we exploit this information to analyze the errors expected in the estimation of debris flow triggering rainfall when rain gauge data are used. In particular, we investigate the impact of rain gauge density and of the use of different interpolation methods. High-resolution, adjusted radar rainfall estimates, representing the best available spatially-distributed-rainfall estimates at the debris flows initiation point and in the surrounding area, are sampled by stochastically generated rain gauge networks characterized by varying densities. Debris flow triggering rainfall is estimated by means of three rainfall interpolation methods: nearest neighbor, inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging. On average, triggering rainfall shows a local peak corresponding to the debris flow initiation point, with a decay of rainfall with distance which increases with the return period of the triggering rainfall. Interpolation of the stochastically generated rain gauge measurements leads to an underestimation of the triggering rainfall that, irrespective of the interpolation methods, increases with the return period and decreases with the rain gauge density. For small return period events and high rain gauge density, the differences among the methods are minor. With increasing the return period and decreasing the rain gauge density, the nearest neighbor method is less biased, because it makes use only of the closest rain gauge to the debris flow initiation point. On the contrary, inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging, which are using rain gauges located farther from the debris flows in addition to the closest one, exhibit negative biases that increase with return period. The standard deviation of the interpolated values is larger when the nearest neighbor is used with respect to inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging. For large return period and low rain gauge density, the differences among the methods are minor. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All ri
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Engeland, K., Borga, M., Creutin, J. D., Francois, B., Ramos, M. H., & Vidal, J. P. (2017). Space-time variability of climate variables and intermittent renewable electricity production – A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 600–617.
Abstract: A major part of renewable electricity production is characterized by a large degree of intermittency driven by the natural variability of climate factors such as air temperature, wind velocity, solar radiation, precipitation, evaporation, and river runoff. The main strategies to handle this intermittency include energy-storage, -transport, -diversity and-information. The three first strategies smooth out the variability of production in time and space, whereas the last one aims a better balance between production and demand. This study presents a literature review on the space-time variability of climate variables driving the intermittency of wind-, solar and hydropower productions and their joint management in electricity systems. A vast body of studies pertains to this question bringing results covering the full spectrum of resolutions and extents, using a variety of data sources, but mostly dealing with a single source. Our synthesis highlights the consistency of these works, and, besides astronomic forcing, we identify three broad climatic regimes governing the variability of renewable production and load. At sub-daily time scales, the three considered renewables have drastically different pattern sizes in response to small scale atmospheric processes. At regional scales, large perturbation weather patterns consistently control wind and solar production, hydropower having a clearly distinct type of pattern. At continental scales, all renewable sources and load seem to display patterns of constant space characteristics and no indication of marked temporal trends.
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Francois, B., Martino, S., Tofte, L. S., Hingray, B., Mo, B., & Creutin, J. D. (2017). Effects of Increased Wind Power Generation on Mid-Norway's Energy Balance under Climate Change: A Market Based Approach. Energies, 10(2).
Abstract: Thanks to its huge water storage capacity, Norway has an excess of energy generation at annual scale, although significant regional disparity exists. On average, the Mid-Norway region has an energy deficit and needs to import more electricity than it exports. We show that this energy deficit can be reduced with an increase in wind generation and transmission line capacity, even in future climate scenarios where both mean annual temperature and precipitation are changed. For the considered scenarios, the deficit observed in winter disappears, i.e., when electricity consumption and prices are high. At the annual scale, the deficit behaviour depends more on future changes in precipitation. Another consequence of changes in wind production and transmission capacity is the modification of electricity exchanges with neighbouring regions which are also modified both in terms of average, variability and seasonality.
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Froidurot, S., & Diedhiou, A. (2017). Characteristics of wet and dry spells in the West African monsoon system. Atmospheric Science Letters, 18(3), 125–131.
Abstract: Using 17 years (1998-2014) of daily TRMM 3B42 rainfall data, we provide a climatological characterization of wet and dry spells in West Africa, which should serve to assess the ability of climate model to simulate these high impact events. The study focuses on four subregions (Western and Central Sahel, Sudanian zone and Guinea Coast). Defining wet (dry) spells as sequences of consecutive days with precipitation higher (lower) than 1 mm, we describe the space-time variability of wet and dry spell occurrence. This climatology stresses the influence of the relief on the number and duration of these spells. The spatio-temporal variability of the wet and dry spells also appears to be closely related to the spatio-temporal variability of the West African monsoon. The number of wet spells of all durations and of 2-3 day dry spells have similar features with a maximum occurrence during the local rainy seasons and a spatial pattern similar to the mean annual rainfall with a north-south gradient. In contrast, dry spells lasting more than four days show some singularities such as a low occurrence over the Sahelian band or high occurrence along the Guinea Coast mainly from Ivory Coast to Benin. Moreover, the seasonal cycle of these longer dry spells presents higher occurrences at the beginning and the end of the rainy seasons.
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Grazioli, J., Genthon, C., Boudevillain, B., Duran-Alarcon, C., Del Guasta, M., Madeleine, J. B., et al. (2017). Measurements of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Adelie Land, East Antarctica. Cryosphere, 11(4), 1797–1811.
Abstract: The first results of a campaign of intensive observation of precipitation in Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, are presented. Several instruments collected data from November 2015 to February 2016 or longer, including a polarimetric radar (MXPol), a Micro Rain Radar (MRR), a weighing gauge (Pluvio(2)), and a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). These instruments collected the first ground-based measurements of precipitation in the region of Adelie Land (Terre Adelie), including precipitation microphysics. Microphysical observations during the austral summer 2015/2016 showed that, close to the ground level, aggregates are the dominant hydrometeor type, together with small ice particles (mostly originating from blowing snow), and that riming is a recurring process. Eleven percent of the measured particles were fully developed graupel, and aggregates had a mean riming degree of about 30 %. Spurious precipitation in the Pluvio2 measurements in windy conditions, leading to phantom accumulations, is observed and partly removed through synergistic use of MRR data. The yearly accumulated precipitation of snow (300 m above ground), obtained by means of a local conversion relation of MRR data, trained on the Pluvio2 measurement of the summer period, is estimated to be 815 mm of water equivalent, with a confidence interval ranging between 739.5 and 989 mm. Data obtained in previous research from satellite-borne radars, and the ERA-Interim reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) provide lower yearly totals: 655 mm for ERA-Interim and 679 mm for the climatological data over DDU. ERA-Interim overestimates the occurrence of low-intensity precipitation events especially in summer, but it compensates for them by underestimating the snowfall amounts carried by the most intense events. Overall, this paper provides insightful examples of the added values of precipitation monitoring in Antarctica with a synergistic use of in situ and remote sensing measurements.
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Hachani, S., Boudevillain, B., Delrieu, G., & Bargaoui, Z. (2017). Drop Size Distribution Climatology in Cevennes-Vivarais Region, France. Atmosphere, 8(12).
Abstract: Mediterranean regions are prone to heavy rainfall, flash floods, and erosion issues. Drop size distribution (DSD) is a key element for studying these phenomena through the hydrological variables which can be derived from it (rainfall rates and totals, kinetic energy fluxes). This paper proposes a five-year (2012-2016) DSD climatology, summarized by scaling parameters for concentration, size, and shape. The DSD network is composed of two longitudinal transects of three OTT Parsivel optical disdrometers each, across the Mediterranean Cevennes-Vivarais region. The influence of several factors are analysed: location (distance from the sea, orographic environment), season, daily synoptic weather situation (derived from geopotential heights, at 700 and 1000 hPa), rainfall type (analysed from 5 min radar data), as well as some combinations of these factors. It was found and/or confirmed that the orographic environment, season, weather patterns associated with the exposure to low level atmospheric flows, and rainfall types influenced the microphysical processes, leading to rainfall, measured at the ground. Consequently, the DSD characteristics, as well as the relationships between the rainfall rate and reflectivity factor, are influenced by these factors.
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Marra, F., Destro, E., Nikolopoulos, E. I., Zoccatelli, D., Creutin, J. D., Guzzetti, F., et al. (2017). Impact of rainfall spatial aggregation on the identification of debris flow occurrence thresholds. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 21(9), 4525–4532.
Abstract: The systematic underestimation observed in debris flow early warning thresholds has been associated with the use of sparse rain gauge networks to represent highly non-stationary rainfall fields. Remote sensing products permit concurrent estimates of debris-flow-triggering rainfall for areas poorly covered by rain gauges, but the impact of using coarse spatial resolutions to represent such rainfall fields is still to be assessed. This study uses fine-resolution radar data for similar to 100 debris flows in the eastern Italian Alps to (i) quantify the effect of spatial aggregation (1-20 km grid size) on the estimation of debris-flow-triggering rainfall and on the identification of early warning thresholds and (ii) compare thresholds derived from aggregated estimates and rain gauge networks of different densities. The impact of spatial aggregation is influenced by the spatial organization of rainfall and by its dependence on the severity of the triggering rainfall. Thresholds from aggregated estimates show 8-21% variation in the parameters whereas 10-25% systematic variation results from the use of rain gauge networks, even for densities as high as 1/10 km(-2).
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Messager, E., Nomade, S., Wilhelm, B., Joannin, S., Scao, V., Von Grafenstein, U., et al. (2017). New pollen evidence from Nariani (Georgia) for delayed postglacial forest expansion in the South Caucasus. Quaternary Research, 87(1), 121–132.
Abstract: The nature and timing of environmental changes throughout the last glacial-interglacial transition in the South Caucasus, and more widely in eastern Europe, are still not fully understood. According to certain pollen records, forest expansion occurred in many areas several millennia after what is considered worldwide as the onset of the Holocene. The current problem we face is that the time lag in forest expansion varies from one sequence to another, sometimes with no delay at all. Moreover, the potential forcing/controlling factors behind this complex pattern, contrary to the almost synchronous global Holocene warming, are still a matter for debate. Accordingly, we revisit the issue of forest expansion through vegetation history obtained in the South Caucasus using a new pollen record, retrieved from the Nariani paleolake (South Georgia). These data attest to a steppic phase, initially dominated by Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae (12,700-10,500 cal yr BP), then by Poaceae (10,500-9000 cal yr BP), culminating with a more forested phase (9000-5000 cal yr BP). Although some palaeoclimatic regional reconstructions show a wet early Holocene, we interpret the delay in forest expansion recorded in Nariani (2500 years) as the result of reduced spring precipitation, which would have limited forest development at that time.
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Nicolet, G., Eckert, N., Morin, S., & Blanchet, J. (2017). A multi-criteria leave-two-out cross-validation procedure for max-stable process selection. Spatial Statistics, 22, 107–128.
Abstract: Max-stable processes are the extension of the univariate extreme value theory to the spatial case. Contrary to the univariate case, there is no unique parametric form for the limiting distribution in the spatial case, and several max-stable processes can be found in the literature. Selecting the best of them for the data under study is still an open question. This paper proposes a procedure for discriminating max-stable processes by focusing on their spatial dependence structure. Specifically, it combines a leave-two-out cross-validation scheme and a large panel of adapted criteria. We compare five of the most commonly used max-stable processes, using as a case study a large data set of winter maxima of 3-day precipitation amounts in the French Alps (90 stations from 1958 to 2012). All the introduced criteria show that the extremal-t, geometric Gaussian and Brown-Resnick processes are equally able to represent the structure of dependence of the data, regardless of the number of stations or years. Although these results have to be confirmed by replicating the study in other contexts, they may be valid for a wide range of environmental applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Nord, G., Boudevillain, B., Berne, A., Branger, F., Braud, I., Dramais, G., et al. (2017). A high space-time resolution dataset linking meteorological forcing and hydro-sedimentary response in a mesoscale Mediterranean catchment (Auzon) of the Ardeche region, France. Earth System Science Data, 9(1).
Abstract: A comprehensive hydrometeorological dataset is presented spanning the period 1 January 201131 December 2014 to improve the understanding of the hydrological processes leading to flash floods and the relation between rainfall, runoff, erosion and sediment transport in a mesoscale catchment (Auzon, 116 km(2)) of the Mediterranean region. Badlands are present in the Auzon catchment and well connected to high-gradient channels of bedrock rivers which promotes the transfer of suspended solids downstream. The number of observed variables, the various sensors involved (both in situ and remote) and the space-time resolution (similar to km(2), similar to min) of this comprehensive dataset make it a unique contribution to research communities focused on hydrometeorology, surface hydrology and erosion. Given that rainfall is highly variable in space and time in this region, the observation system enables assessment of the hydrological response to rainfall fields. Indeed, (i) rainfall data are provided by rain gauges (both a research network of 21 rain gauges with a 5 min time step and an operational network of 10 rain gauges with a 5 min or 1 h time step), S-band Doppler dual-polarization radars (1 km(2), 5 min resolution), disdrometers (16 sensors working at 30 s or 1 min time step) and Micro Rain Radars (5 sensors, 100m height resolution). Additionally, during the special observation period (SOP-1) of the HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) project, two X-band radars provided precipitation measurements at very fine spatial and temporal scales (1 ha, 5 min). (ii) Other meteorological data are taken from the operational surface weather observation stations of Meteo-France (including 2m air temperature, atmospheric pressure, 2 m relative humidity, 10m wind speed and direction, global radiation) at the hourly time resolution (six stations in the region of interest). (iii) The monitoring of surface hydrology and suspended sediment is multi-scale and based on nested catchments. Three hydrometric stations estimate water discharge at a 2-10 min time resolution. Two of these stations also measure additional physico-chemical variables (turbidity, temperature, conductivity) and water samples are collected automatically during floods, allowing further geochemical characterization of water and suspended solids. Two experimental plots monitor overland flow and erosion at 1 min time resolution on a hillslope with vineyard. A network of 11 sensors installed in the intermittent hydrographic network continuously me
asures water level and water temperature in headwater subcatchments (from 0.17 to 116 km(2)) at a time resolution of 2-5 min. A network of soil moisture sensors enables the continuous measurement of soil volumetric water content at 20 min time resolution at 9 sites. Additionally, concomitant observations (soil moisture measurements and stream gauging) were performed during floods between 2012 and 2014. Finally, this dataset is considered appropriate for understanding the rainfall variability in time and space at fine scales, improving areal rainfall estimations and progressing in distributed hydrological and erosion modelling. |
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Olivera-Guerra, L., Mattar, C., Merlin, O., Duran-Alarcon, C., Santamaria-Artigas, A., & Fuster, R. (2017). An operational method for the disaggregation of land surface temperature to estimate actual evapotranspiration in the arid region of Chile. Isprs Journal Of Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing, 128, 170–181.
Abstract: Monitoring evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid environments plays a key role in water irrigation scheduling for water use efficiency. This work presents an operational method for evapotranspiration retrievals based on disaggregated Land Surface Temperature (LST). The retrieved LSTs from Landsat-8 and MODIS data were merged in order to provide an 8-day composite LST product at 100 x 100 m resolution. The method was tested in the arid region of Copiapo, Chile using data from years 2013-2014 and validated using data from years 2015-2016. In-situ measurements from agrometeorological stations such as air temperature and potential evapotranspiration (ETU) estimated at the location were used in the ET estimation method. The disaggregation method was developed by taking into account (1) the spatial relationship between Landsat-8 and MODIS LST, (2) the spatial relationship between LST and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at high spatial resolution (Landsat-8), and (3) the temporal variations along the year of both relationships aforementioned. The comparison between disaggregated LST at 100 m resolution and in situ LST measurements presents a coefficient of determination (r(2)), in average, equal to 0.70 and a RMSE equal to 3.6 K. The disaggregated LST was used in an operational model to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa). The ETa shows good results in terms of seasonal variations and in comparison to the evapotranspiration estimated by using crop coefficients (kc). The comparison between remotely sensed and in situ ETa presents an overall r(2) close to 0.67 and a RMSE equal to 0.6 mm day(-1) for both crops. These results are important for further improvements in water use sustain ability in the Copiapo valley, which is currently affected by high water demand. (C) 2017 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Oueslati, B., Pohl, B., Moron, V., Rome, S., & Janicot, S. (2017). Characterization of Heat Waves in the Sahel and Associated Physical Mechanisms. Journal Of Climate, 30(9), 3095–3115.
Abstract: Great effort is made to address heat waves (HWs) in developed countries because of their devastating impacts on society, economy, and environment. However, HWs are still understudied over developing countries. This is particularly true in West Africa, and especially in the Sahel, where temperatures recurrently reach critical values, such as during the 2010 HW event in the western Sahel. This work aims at characterizing the Sahelian HWs during boreal spring seasons (April-May-June) and understanding the mechanisms associated with such extreme events. Over the last three decades, Sahelian HWs have been becoming more frequent, lasting longer, covering larger areas, and reaching higher intensities. The physical mechanisms associated with HWs are examined to assess the respective roles of atmospheric dynamics and radiative and turbulent fluxes by analyzing the surface energy budget. Results suggest that the greenhouse effect of water vapor is the main driver of HWs in the western Sahel, increasing minimum temperatures by enhanced downward longwave radiation. Atmospheric circulation plays an important role in sustaining these warm anomalies by advecting moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and the Guinean coasts into the Sahel. Maximum temperature anomalies are mostly explained by increased downward shortwave radiation due to a reduction in cloud cover. Interannual variability of HWs is affected by the delayed impact of El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with anomalous temperature warming following warm ENSO events, resulting from an amplified water vapor feedback.
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Papagiannaki, K., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Ruin, I., & Bezes, A. (2017). Urban Area Response to Flash Flood-Triggering Rainfall, Featuring Human Behavioral Factors: The Case of 22 October 2015 in Attica, Greece. Weather Climate And Society, 9(3), 621–638.
Abstract: Over the past several decades, flash floods that occurred in Attica, Greece, caused serious property and infrastructure damages, disruptions in economic and social activities, and human fatalities. This paper investigated the link between rainfall and flash flood impact during the catastrophic event that affected Attica on 22 October 2015, while also addressing human risk perception and behavior as a response to flash floods. The methodology included the analysis of the space-time correlation of rainfall with the citizens' calls to the emergency fire services for help, and the statistical analysis of people's responses to an online behavioral survey. The results designated critical rainfall thresholds associated with flash flood impact in the four most affected subareas of the Attica region. The impact magnitude was found to be associated with the localized accumulated rainfall. Vulnerability factors, namely, population density, geographical, and environmental features, may have contributed to the differences in the impact magnitudes between the examined subareas. The analysis of the survey's behavioral responses provided insights into peoples' risk perception and coping responses relative to the space-time distribution of rainfall. The findings of this study were in agreement with the hypothesis that the more severe the rainfall, the higher peoples' severity assessment and the intensity of emotional response. Deeper feelings of fear and worry were found to be related to more adjustments to the scheduled activities and travels. Additionally, being alert to the upcoming rainfall risk was found to be related to decreased worry and fear and to fewer changes in scheduled activities.
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Raynaud, D., Hingray, B., Zin, I., Anquetin, S., Debionne, S., & Vautard, R. (2017). Atmospheric analogues for physically consistent scenarios of surface weather in Europe and Maghreb. International Journal Of Climatology, 37(4), 2160–2176.
Abstract: This study compares the multivariate predictions of daily temperature, temperature range, precipitation, surface wind and solar radiation of a single-model analogue approach with an original multi-model analogy over 12 regions in Europe and Maghreb. Both approaches are based on two-level analogue models where atmospheric predictors are either dynamic or thermodynamic. In the multi-model approach, independent analogue models with predictand-specific predictors are used. In the single-model one, a unique analogue model and its associated set of predictors is applied to all predictands. Testing numerous large-scale predictors, we first identify the best predictor sets for each modelling strategy. Those obtained for the single-model approach are significantly different from those of the predictand-specific models. This is especially the case for local temperature and wind speed. Both methods perform similarly for precipitation, temperature range and radiation. We next assess the ability of both approaches to simulate physically coherent multivariate weather scenarios. With the single-model method, weather scenarios are obtained for each prediction day from observations sampled simultaneously on one analogue day. The physical consistency between variables is thus automatically fulfilled each day. This allows the single-model method to reproduce well the observed inter-predictand correlations, especially the significant correlations between radiation and precipitation and between radiation and temperature range. These results suggest a hybrid analogue model using a single-model for radiation, temperature range and precipitation, combined with a univariate approach for wind. Two options are proposed for temperature for which either the predictand-specific method or a single-model approach with an additional correction are conceivable. This hybrid approach leads to a possible compromise between reasonable univariate prediction skills and realistic inter-predictands correlations, both classically required for many impact studies.
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Sabatier, P., Wilhelm, B., Ficetola Gentile, F., Moirons, F., Poulenard, J., Develle, A., et al. (2017). 6-kyr record of flood frequency and intensity in the western Mediterranean Alps – Interplay of solar and temperature forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 170, 121–135.
Abstract: The high-resolution sedimentological and geochemical analysis of a sediment sequence from Lake Savine (Western Mediterranean Alps, France) led to the identification of 220 event layers for the last 6000 years. 200 were triggered by flood events and 20 by underwater mass movements possibly related to earthquakes that occurred in 5 clusters of increase seismicity. Because human activity could influence the flood chronicle, the presence of pastures was reconstructed through ancient DNA, which suggested that the flood chronicle was mainly driven by hydroclimate variability. Weather reanalysis of historical floods allow to identify that mesoscale precipitation events called “East Return” events were the main triggers of floods recorded in Lake Savine. The first part of this palaeoflood record (6-4 kyr BP) was characterized by increases in flood frequency and intensity in phase with Northern Alpine palaeoflood records. By contrast, the second part of the record (i.e., since 4 kyr BP) was phased with Southern Alpine palaeoflood records. These results suggest a palaeohydrological transition at approximately 4 kyr BP, as has been previously described for the Mediterranean region. This may have resulted in a change of flood-prone hydro-meteorological processes, i.e., in the balance between occurrence and intensity of local convective climatic phenomena and their influence on Mediterranean mesoscale precipitation events in this part of the Alps. At a centennial timescale, increases in flood frequency and intensity corresponded to periods of solar minima, affecting climate through atmospheric changes in the Euro-Atlantic sector. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Shabou, S., Ruin, I., Lutoff, C., Debionne, S., Anquetin, S., Creutin, J. D., et al. (2017). MobRISK: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to flash flood events. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 17(9), 1631–1651.
Abstract: Recent flash flood impact studies highlight that road networks are often disrupted due to adverse weather and flash flood events. Road users are thus particularly exposed to road flooding during their daily mobility. Previous exposure studies, however, do not take into consideration population mobility. Recent advances in transportation research provide an appropriate framework for simulating individual travelactivity patterns using an activity-based approach. These activity-based mobility models enable the prediction of the sequence of activities performed by individuals and locating them with a high spatial-temporal resolution. This paper describes the development of the MobRISK microsimulation system: a model for assessing the exposure of road users to extreme hydrometeorological events. MobRISK aims at providing an accurate spatiotemporal exposure assessment by integrating travel-activity behaviors and mobility adaptation with respect to weather disruptions. The model is applied in a flash-flood-prone area in southern France to assess motorists' exposure to the September 2002 flash flood event. The results show that risk of flooding mainly occurs in principal road links with considerable traffic load. However, a lag time between the timing of the road submersion and persons crossing these roads contributes to reducing the potential vehicle-related fatal accidents. It is also found that sociodemographic variables have a significant effect on individual exposure. Thus, the proposed model demonstrates the benefits of considering spatiotemporal dynamics of population exposure to flash floods and presents an important improvement in exposure assessment methods. Such improved characterization of road user exposures can present valuable information for flood risk management services.
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Terti, G., Ruin, I., Anquetin, S., & Gourley, J. J. (2017). A Situation-Based Analysis Of Flash Flood Fatalities In The United States. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, 98(2), 333–345. |
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Wilhelm, B., Vogel, H., & Anselmetti, F. S. (2017). A multi-centennial record of past floods and earthquakes in Valle d'Aosta, Mediterranean Italian Alps. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 17(5), 613–625.
Abstract: Mediterranean Alpine populations are particularly exposed to natural hazards like floods and earthquakes because of both the close Mediterranean humidity source and the seismically active Alpine region. Knowledge of longterm variability in flood and earthquake occurrences is of high value since it can be useful to improve risk assessment and mitigation. In this context, we explore the potential of a lake-sediment sequence from Lago Inferiore de Laures in Valle d'Aosta (Northern Italy) as a long-term record of past floods and earthquakes. The high-resolution sedimentological study revealed 76 event layers over the last ca. 270 years; 8 are interpreted as most probably induced by earthquakes and 68 by flood events. Comparison to historical seismic data suggests that the recorded earthquakes are strong (epicentral Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK) intensity of VI-IX) and/or close to the lake (distance of 25-120 km). Compared to other lake-sediment sequences, Lago Inferiore de Laures sediments appear to be regionally the most sensitive to earthquake shaking, offering a great potential to reconstruct the past regional seismicity further back in time. Comparison to historical and palaeoflood records suggests that the flood signal reconstructed from Lago Inferiore de Laures sediments represents the regional and (multi-) decadal variability of summer-autumn floods well, in connection to Mediterranean mesoscale precipitation events. Overall, our results reveal the high potential of Lago Inferiore de Laures sediments to extend the regional earthquake and flood catalogues far back in time.
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Alcoba, M., Gosset, M., Kacou, M., Cazenave, F., & Fontaine, E. (2016). Characterization of Hydrometeors in Sahelian Convective Systems with an X-Band Radar and Comparison with In Situ Measurements. Part II: A Simple Brightband Method to Infer the Density of Icy Hydrometeors. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 55(2), 251–263.
Abstract: AbstractA simple scheme that is based on the shape and intensity of the radar bright band is used to infer the density of hydrometeors just above the freezing level in Sahelian mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Four MCS jointly observed by a ground-based X-band radar and by an instrumented aircraft as part of the Megha-Tropiques algorithm-validation campaign during August 2010 in Niamey, Niger, are analyzed. The instrumented aircraft (with a 94-GHz radar and various optical probes on board) provided mass?diameter laws for the particles sampled during the flights. The mass?diameter laws derived from the ground-radar vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) for each flight are compared with those derived from the airborne measurements. The density laws derived by both methods are consistent and encourage further use of the simple VPR scheme to quantify hydrometeor density laws and their variability for various analyses (microphysical processes and icy-hydrometeor scattering and radiative properties).
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Arnaud, F., Poulenard, J., Giguet-Covex, C., Wilhelm, B., Revillon, S., Jenny, J. P., et al. (2016). Erosion under climate and human pressures: An alpine lake sediment perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, 152, 1–18.
Abstract: We review the scientific efforts over the last decades to reconstruct erosion from continuous alpine lake sediment records. We focused both on methodological issues, showing the growing importance of non-destructive high resolution approaches (XRF core-scanner) as well as progresses in the understanding of processes leading to the creation of an “erosion signal” in lakes. We distinguish “continuous records” from “event-records”. Both provide complementary information but need to be studied with different approaches. Continuous regionally-relevant records proved to be particularly pertinent to document regional erosion patterns throughout the Holocene, in particular applying the source to sink approach. Event-based approaches demonstrated and took advantage of the strong non-linearity of sediment transport in high altitude catchment areas. This led to flood frequency and intensity reconstructions, highlighting the influence of climate change upon flood dynamics in the mountain. The combination of different record types, both in terms of location (high vs. low elevation), sedimentology (high vs. low terrigenous contribution) and significance (local vs. regional) is one of the main outputs of this paper. It allows the establishment of comprehensive histories of NW French Alps erosion, but also and consequently, soil dynamics and hydrological patterns throughout the Holocene. We also discuss the influence of glacier dynamics, one of the major agents of erosion in the Alps. A major feature is the growing human influence upon erosion at a local scale since at least the middle of the Bronze Age (3500 cal. BP). However and according to the regional record from Lake Bourget, only few periods of rising erosion at local scales generated a regional record that can be discriminated from wetter climatic periods. Among them, the period between 200 BCE and 400 AD appeared to be marked by a generalised rise in human-triggered erosion at local scales in the northern French Alps. This review highlights the importance of modern high-resolution and interdisciplinary studies of lake sediments, in order to better understand the complex relationships between humans, climate and the Earth system in general. We strongly argue that regional integration of data is now required to move a step further. Such an integration is easier with cost- and time-effective methods as well as after a better definition of approaches and their limits. This should lead to a stronger collaboration between paleo-data producers and modellers in the near future. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Berthou, S., Mailler, S., Drobinski, P., Arsouze, T., Bastin, S., Beranger, K., et al. (2016). Influence of submonthly air-sea coupling on heavy precipitation events in the Western Mediterranean basin. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, 142, 453–471.
Abstract: Heavy precipitation events (HPEs) can be a major cause of damage and casualties in the Mediterranean basin. With the use of atmosphere-ocean coupled regional climate models (AORCMs) and the advantage of 24 years of simulation (1989-2012), we identified regions with potential impact of submonthly air-sea coupling on HPEs from among the regions hit by heavy rain during the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first special observation period (SOP1): Valencia in Spain, the Cevennes in Southern France, Liguria in Northwestern Italy, Calabria in Southern Italy and Northeastern Italy. A first evaluation of the two AORCMs (MORCE and CNRM-RCSM4) against gridded precipitation datasets showed that 70-90% of the 30 most intense HPEs simulated were observed HPEs for most regions. The Cevennes, Valencia and Calabria were the only three regions to show a statistical relationship between rain differences and sea-surface temperature (SST) differences where the low-level jets that feed the events most frequently blow. This sensitivity of precipitation to SST changes is due to low-level wind changes related to changes in surface heat fluxes. Based on the calculation of submonthly variations in these regions during HyMeX, HPEs on 28 September 2012 and 12 October 2012 in Valencia and on 25-26 October 2012 in the Cevennes have most probably been affected by submonthly air-sea coupling.
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Blanchet, J., Ceresetti, D., Molinie, G., & Creutin, J. D. (2016). A regional GEV scale-invariant framework for Intensity-Duration-Frequency analysis. Journal Of Hydrology, 540, 82–95.
Abstract: We propose in this paper a regional formulation of Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves of point-rainfall maxima in a scale-invariant Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) framework. The two assumptions we make is that extreme daily rainfall is GEV-distributed – which is justified by Extreme Value Theory (EVT) – and that extremes of aggregated daily rainfall follow simple-scaling relationships. Following these assumptions, we develop in a unified way a GEV simple-scaling model for extremes of aggregated daily rainfall over the range of durations where scaling applies. Then we propose a way of correcting this model for measurement frequency, giving a new GEV-scaling model for extremes of aggregated hourly rainfall. This model deviates from the simple-scaling assumption. This framework is applied to the Mediterranean region of Cevennes-Vivarais, France. A network of about 300 daily raingage stations covering the last 50 years and accumulated to span the range 1 day-1 week is used to fit the scale invariant GEV-model locally. By means of spatial interpolation of the model parameters, and correction for measurement frequency, we are able to build a regional model with good performances down to 1 h duration, even though only one hourly station is used to build the model. Finally we produce mean and return level maps within the region in the range 1 h-1 week and comment on the potential rain storms leading to these maps. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Boudevillain, B., Delrieu, G., Wijbrans, A., & Confoland, A. (2016). A high-resolution rainfall re-analysis based on radar-raingauge merging in the Cevennes-Vivarais region, France. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 14–23.
Abstract: This work aims at providing quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) for the Cevennes-Vivarais region, France, over temporal (1-6 h) and spatial (1-300 km(2)) scales relevant for flash-flood prediction in that region. A systematic implementation of three estimation methods (radar QPE, hourly raingauge Ordinary Kriging – OK – and merging of radar and raingauge data through ICriging with External Drift – KED) proves the ICED method to systematically outperform the concurrent approaches for the 131 main rain events selected during the period 2007-2014. Error models, assuming the standard deviation of the QPE error to be a bi-linear function of the rain rate and the kriging normalized estimation standard deviation, are parameterized for the KED and OK QPEs for the considered temporal and spatial scales. The error models are shown to depend on the type of rain event (Cevennes rain events, localized convection, widespread rainfall) and physical parameters such as the 0 degrees C isotherm altitude and the rain intermittency. The added-value of the radar network in terms of QPE with respect to the hourly raingauge network is larger for localized convection rain events as well as for the smallest space-time scales which are those of interest for flash-flood prediction in the region. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Cazenave, F., Gosset, M., Kacou, M., Alcoba, M., Fontaine, E., Duroure, C., et al. (2016). Characterization of Hydrometeors in Sahelian Convective Systems with an X-Band Radar and Comparison with In Situ Measurements. Part I: Sensitivity of Polarimetric Radar Particle Identification Retrieval and Case Study Evaluation. Journal Of Applied Meteorology And Climatology, 55(2), 231–249.
Abstract: The particle identification scheme developed by Dolan and Rutledge for X-band polarimetric radar is tested for the first time in Africa and compared with in situ measurements. The data were acquired during the Megha-Tropiques mission algorithm-validation campaign that occurred in Niger in 2010. The radar classification is compared with the in situ observations gathered by an instrumented aircraft for the 13 August 2010 squall-line case. An original approach has been developed for the radar-in situ comparison: it consists of simulating synthetic radar variables from the microphysical-probe information and comparing the two datasets in a common “radar space.” The consistency between the two types of observation is good considering the differences in sampling illustrated in the paper. The time evolution of the hydrometeor types and their relative proportion in the convective and stratiform regions are analyzed. The farther away from the convection one looks, the more aggregation dominates, riming diminishes, and hydrometeors are less dense. Particle identification based on the polarimetric radar will be applied to a 5-yr African dataset in the future.
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Chardon, J., Favre, A. C., & Hingray, B. (2016). Effects of Spatial Aggregation on the Accuracy of Statistically Downscaled Precipitation Predictions. Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 17(5), 1561–1578.
Abstract: The effects of spatial aggregation on the skill of downscaled precipitation predictions obtained over an 8 x 8 km(2) grid from circulation analogs for metropolitan France are explored. The Safran precipitation reanalysis and an analog approach are used to downscale the precipitation where the predictors are taken from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Prediction skillcharacterized by the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS), its skill score, and its decompositionis generally found to continuously increase with spatial aggregation. The increase is also greater when the spatial correlation of precipitation is lower. This effect is shown from an empirical experiment carried out with a fully uncorrelated dataset, generated from a space-shake experiment, where the precipitation time series of each grid cell is randomly assigned to another grid cell. The underlying mechanisms of this effect are further highlighted with synthetic predictions simulated using a stochastic spatiotemporal generator. It is shown 1) that the skill increase with spatial aggregation jointly results from the higher and lower values obtained for the resolution and uncertainty terms of the CRPS decomposition, respectively, and 2) that the lower spatial correlation of precipitation is beneficial for both terms. Results obtained for France suggest that the prediction skill indefinitely increases with aggregation. A last experiment is finally proposed to show that this is not expected to be always the case. A prediction skill optimum is, for instance, obtained when the mean areal precipitation is estimated over a region where local precipitations of different grid cells originate from different underlying meteorological processes.
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Debionne, S., Ruin, I., Shabou, S., Lutoff, C., & Creutin, J. D. (2016). Assessment of commuters' daily exposure to flash flooding over the roads of the Gard region, France. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 636–648.
Abstract: Flash floods are responsible for a majority of natural disaster fatalities in the USA and Europe and most of them are vehicle-related. If human exposure to flood is generally assessed through the number of inhabitants per buildings located in flood prone zone, it is clear that this number varies dramatically throughout the day as people move from place to place to follow their daily program of activities. Knowing the number of motorists exposed on flood prone road sections or the factors determining their exposure would allow providing a more realistic evaluation of the degree of exposure. In order to bridge this gap and provide emergency managers with methods to assess the risk level for motorists, this paper describes two methods, a simple rough-and-ready estimate and a traffic attribution method, and applies both of them on datasets of the Gard departement, an administrative region of Southern France with about 700000 inhabitants over 5875 km(2). The first method to obtain an overall estimation of motorists flood exposure is to combine (i) the regional density of roads and rivers to derive a count of potential road cuts and (ii) the average daily kilometers driven by commuters of the study area to derive the number of people passing these potential cuts. If useful as a first approximation, this method fails to capture the spatial heterogeneities introduced by the geometry of river and road networks and the distribution of commuters' itineraries. To address this point, this paper (i) uses a pre-established detailed identification of road cuts (Naulin et al., 2013) and (ii) applies a well-known traffic attribution method to existing and freely available census datasets. Both methods indicate that commuters' exposure is much larger than the number of commuters itself, illustrating the risk amplification effect of mobility. Comparing the results from both methods shows that (i) the road network geometry plays a significant role in reducing the risk of river-road dangerous intersections and (ii) not all commuters are equally exposed. Evidently commuters who have longer routes are more exposed, but residents of rural municipalities as well as professionals with highly qualified jobs are also more exposed. Finally, these exposure assessment methods applied to the Gard area allows locating road sections where commuters' exposure to flood is high. It also sets the first step toward the implementation of a modeling platform able to combine the estimation of daily travel patterns exposure and behavioral response of motorists to road flooding, a critical input for emergency services and services in charge of the management of road networks in flash flood prone areas. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Derin, Y., Anagnostou, E., Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Buytaert, W., et al. (2016). Multiregional Satellite Precipitation Products Evaluation over Complex Terrain. Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 17(6), 1817–1836.
Abstract: An extensive evaluation of nine global-scale high-resolution satellite-based rainfall (SBR) products is performed using aminimumof 6 years (within the period of 2000-13) of reference rainfall data derived from rain gauge networks in nine mountainous regions across the globe. The SBR products are compared to a recently released global reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The study areas include the eastern Italian Alps, the Swiss Alps, the western Black Sea of Turkey, the French Cevennes, the Peruvian Andes, the Colombian Andes, the Himalayas over Nepal, the Blue Nile in East Africa, Taiwan, and the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Evaluation is performed at annual, monthly, and daily time scales and 0.258 spatial resolution. The SBR datasets are based on the following retrieval algorithms: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP). SBRproducts are categorized into those that include gauge adjustment versus unadjusted. Results show that performance of SBR is highly dependent on the rainfall variability. Many SBR products usually underestimate wet season and overestimate dry season precipitation. The performance of gauge adjustment to the SBR products varies by region and depends greatly on the representativeness of the rain gauge network.
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Despax, A., Perret, C., Garcon, R., Hauet, A., Belleville, A., Le Coz, J., et al. (2016). Considering sampling strategy and cross-section complexity for estimating the uncertainty of discharge measurements using the velocity-area method. Journal Of Hydrology, 533, 128–140.
Abstract: Streamflow time series provide baseline data for many hydrological investigations. Errors in the data mainly occur through uncertainty in gauging (measurement uncertainty) and uncertainty in the determination of the stage-discharge relationship based on gaugings (rating curve uncertainty). As the velocity area method is the measurement technique typically used for gaugings, it is fundamental to estimate its level of uncertainty. Different methods are available in the literature (ISO 748, Q+, IVE), all with their own limitations and drawbacks. Among the terms forming the combined relative uncertainty in measured discharge, the uncertainty component relating to the limited number of verticals often includes a large part of the relative uncertainty. It should therefore be estimated carefully. In ISO 748 standard, proposed values of this uncertainty component only depend on the number of verticals without considering their distribution with respect to the depth and velocity cross-sectional profiles. The Q+ method is sensitive to a user-defined parameter while it is questionable whether the IVE method is applicable to stream-gaugings performed with a limited number of verticals. To address the limitations of existing methods, this paper presents a new methodology, called FLow Analog UnceRtainty Estimation (Fume), to estimate the uncertainty component relating to the limited number of verticals. High-resolution reference gaugings (with 31 and more verticals) are used to assess the uncertainty component through a statistical analysis. Instead of subsampling purely randomly the verticals of these reference stream-gaugings, a subsampling method is developed in a way that mimicks the behavior of a hydrometric technician. A sampling quality index (SQI) is suggested and appears to be a more explanatory variable than the number of verticals. This index takes into account the spacing between verticals and the variation of unit flow between two verticals. To compute the uncertainty component for any routine gauging, the four most similar gaugings among the reference stream-gaugings dataset are selected using an analog approach, where analogy includes both riverbed shape and flow distribution complexity. This new method was applied to 3185 stream-gaugings with various flow conditions and compared with the other methods (ISO 748, IVE, with a simple automated parametrization). Results show that FLAME is overall consistent with the Q+ method but not with ISO 748 and NE methods, which produce clearly overestimated uncertainties fo
r discharge measurements with less than 15 verticals. The FLAURE approach therefore appears to be a consistent method. An advantage is the explicit link made between the estimation of cross-sectional interpolation errors and the study of high-resolution reference gaugings. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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Evin, G., Blanchet, J., Paquet, E., Garavaglia, F., & Penot, D. (2016). A regional model for extreme rainfall based on weather patterns subsampling. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 1185–1198.
Abstract: Many rainfall generators rely on the assumption that statistical properties of rainfall observations can be related to physical processes via weather patterns. The MEWP (Multi-Exponential Weather Pattern) model belongs to this class. In this daily rainfall model, extremes above a threshold are distributed exponentially, for each season and atmospheric circulation pattern. A wide range of applications of this rainfall compound distribution has demonstrated its robustness and reliability. However, recent investigations showed that MEWP tends to underestimate the most extreme rainfall events in specific regions (e.g. the South-East of France). In this paper, we apply different versions of a generalized MEWP model: the MDWP (Multi-Distribution Weather Pattern) model. In the MDWP model, the exponential distribution is replaced by distributions with a heavier tail, such as the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). Unfortunately, local applications of the MDWP model reveal a lack of robustness and overfitting issues. To solve this issue, a regional version of the MDWP model is proposed. Different options of a regionalization approach for excesses are scrutinized (e.g. choice of the scale factor, testing of homogeneous regions based on neighborhoods around each site, choice of the distribution modelling extreme rainfall). We compare the performances of local and regional models on long daily rainfall series covering the southern half of France. These applications show that the local models with heavy-tailed distributions exhibit a lack of robustness. In comparison, an impressive improvement of model robustness is obtained with the regional version, without a loss of reliability. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Francois, B. (2016). Influence of winter North-Atlantic Oscillation on Climate-Related Energy penetration in Europe. Renewable Energy, 99, 602–613.
Abstract: When considering 100% renewable scenarios, backup generation is needed for stabilizing the network when Climate Related Energy (CRE) such as wind, solar or run-of-the river hydropower are not sufficient for supplying the load. Several studies show that, over relatively short time period (less than 10 years), backup generation needs are reduced by dissipating power densities either in space through grids or time through storage. This study looks at the impact of low time frequency variations of CRE with a specific focus on the time variability induced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) teleconnection pattern during winter season. A set of eleven regions in Europe and Tunisia is used for highlighting space variability of the winter NAO's impact. For each of these regions, we combine data from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and the European Climate Assessment & Dataset for estimating solar power, wind-power, run-of-the-river hydro-power and the energy load over the 1980-2012 time period. Results show that NAO's impact on winter penetration rate depends on both the considered energy source and the location. They also highlight a non-linear relation between the NAO's impact on CRE penetration rates and the level of equipment used for harvesting the CRE sources. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Francois, B., Borga, M., Creutin, J. D., Hingray, B., Raynaud, D., & Sauterleute, J. F. (2016). Complementarity between solar and hydro power: Sensitivity study to climate characteristics in Northern-Italy. Renewable Energy, 86, 543–553.
Abstract: Climate related energy sources such as wind, solar and runoff sources are variable in time and space, following their driving weather variables. High penetration of such energy sources might be facilitated by using their complementarity in order to increase the balance between energy load and generation. This study presents the analysis of the effect of a 100% renewable energy mix composed by solar and run-of-the-river energy in Northern Italy where these two energy sources are the main alternative energy sources. Along a climate gradient from the Alpine crest (snow melt dominated area) to the Veneto plain (rainfall dominated area), solar power is generated in the flat plain, and run-of-the-river hydropower at two mountainous locations. Covering all possible mixes of these two sources, we analyze their complementarity across different temporal scales using two indicators: the standard deviation of the energy balance and the theoretical storage required for balancing generation and load. Results show that at small temporal scale (hourly), a high share of run-of-the-river power allows minimizing the energy balance variability. The opposite is obtained at larger temporal scales (daily and monthly) essentially because of lower variability of solar power generation, which also implies a lower storage requirement. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Francois, B., Hingray, B., Raynaud, D., Borga, M., & Creutin, J. D. (2016). Increasing climate-related-energy penetration by integrating run-of-the river hydropower to wind/solar mix. Renewable Energy, 87, 686–696.
Abstract: The penetration rate of Climate Related Energy sources like solar-power, wind-power and hydro-power source is potentially low as a result of the large space and time variability of their driving climatic variables. Increased penetration rates can be achieved with mixes of sources. Optimal mixes, i.e. obtained with the optimal share for each source, are being identified for a number of regions worldwide. However, they often consider wind and solar power only. Based on 33 years of daily data (1980-2012) for a set of 12 European regions, we re-estimate the optimal mix when wild run-of-the-river energy is included in the solar/wind mix. It is found to be highly region dependent but the highest shares are often obtained for run-of-the-river, ranging from 35% to 65% in Belarus and England. High solar shares (>40%) are found in southern countries but solar shares drop to less than 15% in northern countries. Wind shares range from 10 to 35% with the exception of Norway where it reaches 50%. These results put in perspective the optimal 60%-40% wind/solar mix currently used for Europe. For all regions, including run-of-the-river in the mix allows increasing the penetration rate of CREs (from 1 to 8% points). (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Gosset, M., Kunstmann, H., Zougmore, F., Cazenave, F., Leijnse, H., Uijlenhoet, R., et al. (2016). Improving Rainfall Measurement in Gauge Poor Regions Thanks to Mobile Telecommunication Networks. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(3), Es49–Es51. |
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Hamon, M., Beuvier, J., Somot, S., Lellouche, J. M., Greiner, E., Jorda, G., et al. (2016). Design and validation of MEDRYS, a Mediterranean Sea reanalysis over the period 1992-2013. Ocean Science, 12(2), 577–599.
Abstract: The French research community in the Mediterranean Sea modeling and the French operational ocean forecasting center Mercator Ocean have gathered their skill and expertise in physical oceanography, ocean modeling, atmospheric forcings and data assimilation to carry out a MEDiterranean sea ReanalYsiS (MEDRYS) at high resolution for the period 1992-2013. The ocean model used is NEMOMED12, a Mediterranean configuration of NEMO with a 1/12 degrees (similar to 7 km) horizontal resolution and 75 vertical z levels with partial steps. At the surface, it is forced by a new atmospheric-forcing data set (ALDERA), coming from a dynamical downscaling of the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis by the regional climate model ALADIN-Climate with a 12 km horizontal and 3 h temporal resolutions. This configuration is used to carry a 34-year hindcast simulation over the period 1979-2013 (NM12-FREE), which is the initial state of the reanalysis in October 1992. MEDRYS uses the existing Mercator Ocean data assimilation system SAM2 that is based on a reduced-order Kalman filter with a threedimensional (3-D) multivariate modal decomposition of the forecast error. Altimeter data, satellite sea surface temperature (SST) and temperature and salinity vertical profiles are jointly assimilated. This paper describes the configuration we used to perform MEDRYS. We then validate the skills of the data assimilation system. It is shown that the data as-similation restores a good average temperature and salinity at intermediate layers compared to the hindcast. No particular biases are identified in the bottom layers. However, the reanalysis shows slight positive biases of 0.02 psu and 0.15 degrees C above 150 m depth. In the validation stage, it is also shown that the assimilation allows one to better reproduce water, heat and salt transports through the Strait of Gibraltar. Finally, the ability of the reanalysis to represent the sea surface high-frequency variability is shown.
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Hassane, B., Durand, A., Garba, Z., Dieppois, B., Sebag, D., Rajot, J. L., et al. (2016). Can daily meteorological measurement of near-surface wind detect climate changes in the Sahel (SE Niger, 1950-1992)? Journal Of Arid Environments, 124, 91–101.
Abstract: Using three daily measurements of wind speed and direction from synoptic weather station data in SE Niger, we examined the diurnal, seasonal and interannual time-scale of Sahel climate variability between 1950 and 1992. The seasonal wind patterns are closely related to the temperatures and West African monsoon dynamics. The transitions between the two seasons are marked by an important increase in calms (wind speed < 0.5 m s(-1)). Such variations are related to meridional shifts of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) and Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Interannual fluctuations of annual wind speeds are consistent with Sahel rainfall variability. Dry years, such as in 1969-1973 and 1983-1986 periods, are associated with negative anomalies in wind speeds mainly due to an increase in calms and dry conditions. Nevertheless, we note several differences: the first period is associated with a yearly increase in the annual mean speed, while the second is associated with a decrease. Differences could be related to changes in atmospheric circulation, especially regarding the strength and latitudinal position of Tropical and African Easterly jets. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Jouini, M., Beranger, K., Arsouze, T., Beuvier, J., Thiria, S., Crepon, M., et al. (2016). The Sicily Channel surface circulation revisited using a neural clustering analysis of a high-resolution simulation. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 121(7), 4545–4567.
Abstract: The Sicily Channel surface circulation is investigated by analyzing the outputs of a high-resolution ocean model MED12 forced during 46 years by the ARPERA atmospheric fields. Applying a neural network classifier, we show that the surface circulation in the Sicily Channel can be decomposed into 8 modes characterizing the major patterns of that circulation, particularly the Algerian Current separation at the entrance to the Sicily Channel, the features of the Atlantic Tunisian Current and of the Atlantic Ionian Stream. These modes reflect the variability of the circulation in space and time at seasonal and inter-annual scales. Some modes preferably occur in winter whilst others are characteristic of summer. The mode sequence presents an inter-annual variability in good agreement with observations. The topography of the Sicily Channel sill plays a major role in steering the circulation. In particular the summer upwelling along the southern coast of Sicily, which is present in several modes, could be explained by a large-scale density forcing. A combination of barotropic/baroclinic double Kelvin waves generated on both sides of the sill provides a mechanism for explaining the complexity of the surface circulation advecting the surface waters from the Western Mediterranean toward the Eastern Mediterranean, the most salient features of which are the Atlantic Tunisian Current, the Atlantic Ionian Stream and the Tyrrhenian Sicilian Current which is a new feature highlighted by the present study.
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Klutse, N. A. B., Sylla, M. B., Diallo, I., Sarr, A., Dosio, A., Diedhiou, A., et al. (2016). Daily characteristics of West African summer monsoon precipitation in CORDEX simulations. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 123(1-2), 369–386.
Abstract: We analyze and intercompare the performance of a set of ten regional climate models (RCMs) along with the ensemble mean of their statistics in simulating daily precipitation characteristics during the West African monsoon (WAM) period (June-July-August-September). The experiments are conducted within the framework of the COordinated Regional Downscaling Experiments for the African domain. We find that the RCMs exhibit substantial differences that are associated with a wide range of estimates of higher-order statistics, such as intensity, frequency, and daily extremes mostly driven by the convective scheme employed. For instance, a number of the RCMs simulate a similar number of wet days compared to observations but greater rainfall intensity, especially in oceanic regions adjacent to the Guinea Highlands because of a larger number of heavy precipitation events. Other models exhibit a higher wet-day frequency but much lower rainfall intensity over West Africa due to the occurrence of less frequent heavy rainfall events. This indicates the existence of large uncertainties related to the simulation of daily rainfall characteristics by the RCMs. The ensemble mean of the indices substantially improves the RCMs' simulated frequency and intensity of precipitation events, moderately outperforms that of the 95th percentile, and provides mixed benefits for the dry and wet spells. Although the ensemble mean improved results cannot be generalized, such an approach produces encouraging results and can help, to some extent, to improve the robustness of the response of the WAM daily precipitation to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas warming.
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Le Coz, J., Blanquart, B., Pobanz, K., Dramais, G., Pierrefeu, G., Hauet, A., et al. (2016). Estimating the Uncertainty of Streamgauging Techniques Using In Situ Collaborative Interlaboratory Experiments. Journal Of Hydraulic Engineering, 142(7).
Abstract: While the application of uncertainty propagation methods to hydrometry is still challenging, in situ collaborative interlaboratory experiments are a valuable tool for empirically estimating the uncertainty of stream gauging techniques in given measurement conditions. The authors propose a simple procedure for organizing such experiments and processing the results according to the authoritative ISO standards related to interlaboratory experiments, which are of common practice in many metrological fields. Beyond the computation and interpretation of the results, some issues are discussed regarding the estimation of the stream gauging technique bias in the absence of accurate enough discharge references in rivers; the uncertainty of the uncertainty estimates, according to the number of participants and repeated measurements; the criteria related to error sources that are possibly meaningful for categorizing measurement conditions. The interest and limitations of the in situ collaborative interlaboratory experiments are exemplified by an application to the hydro-acoustic profiler (ADCP) stream gauging technique conducted in 2010 at two different sites downstream of Genissiat hydropower plant in the Rhone river, France. Typically, the expanded uncertainty (with a probability level of 95%) of the average discharge over six successive transects varied from +/- 5% at one site with favorable conditions to +/- 9% at the other site due to unstable flow conditions.
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Lutoff, C., Creutin, J. D., Ruin, I., & Borga, M. (2016). Anticipating flash-floods: Multi-scale aspects of the social response. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 626–635.
Abstract: This paper aims at exploring the anticipation phase before a flash flood, corresponding to the time between the first climatic signs and the peak-flow. We focus the analysis on people's behaviors observing how they use this period to organize themselves for facing the event. The analysis is made through the definition of three specific scales: the timeliness scale, an analytical scale of anticipatory actions and the scale of human response network. Using a cross-scale and cross level analysis enables to define different phases in the anticipation period where different kind of environmental precursors are mobilized by the actors in order to make sense of the situation and adapt. Three main points deserve attention at the end: firstly, the concepts of timeliness, anticipatory actions and crisis network scales enable to understand differently what happens both physically and socially during an extreme event; secondly, analyzing the precursors shows that each level of crisis network uses different kinds of signs for estimating the situation, organizing and reacting; thirdly, there is a potential for improvement in observation on both social and physical processes at different scales, for verifying the theory of the anticipatory phases. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Marra, F., Nikolopoulos, E. I., Creutin, J. D., & Borga, M. (2016). Space-time organization of debris flows-triggering rainfall and its effect on the identification of the rainfall threshold relationship. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 246–255.
Abstract: Debris flow occurrence is generally forecasted by means of empirical rainfall depth-duration thresholds based on raingauge observations. Rainfall estimation errors related to the sparse nature of raingauge data are enhanced in case of convective rainfall events characterized by limited spatial extent. Such errors have been shown to cause underestimation of the rainfall thresholds and, thus, less efficient forecasts of debris flows occurrence. This work examines the spatial organization of debris flows-triggering rainfall around the debris flow initiation points using high-resolution, carefully corrected radar data for a set of short duration (<30 h) storm events occurred in the eastern Italian Alps. On average, triggering rainfall presents a local peak corresponding to the debris flow initiation point, with rain depth at 5 km (10 km) distance being on average around 70% (40%) of rain depth observed at the debris flow initiation points. The peak is consistently enhanced for events characterized by short durations and causes a systematic underestimation of the rainfall depth-duration thresholds when rainfall is measured away from the debris flow initiation points. We develop an analytical framework that exploits the general characteristics of the spatial rainfall organization to predict the systematic underestimation of the depth-duration thresholds when rainfall is sampled away from the initiation points. Predictions obtained based on this analytical framework are assessed using a Monte Carlo sampling technique. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Moron, V., Oueslati, B., Pohl, B., Rome, S., & Janicot, S. (2016). Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern tropical Africa (1961-2014) from observed and PPCA-reconstructed time series. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 121(10), 5298–5319.
Abstract: Trends in daily maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) temperatures and indices of warm extremes are studied in tropical North Africa, west of the eastern African highlands, from 1961 to 2014. The analysis is based on the concatenation and cross-checking of two observed databases. Due to the large number of missing entries (similar to 25%), a statistical infilling using probabilistic principal component analysis was applied. Averaged over 90 stations, the linear trends of annual mean TX and TN equal respectively +0.021 degrees C/yr and +0.028 degrees C/yr. The frequency of very hot days (TX > 35 degrees C) and tropical nights (TN> 20 degrees C), as well as the frequency of daily TX and TN above the 90th percentile (p90) (“warm days” and “warm nights”), roughly follows the variations of mean TX and TN, respectively. Heat spells of TX or TN> p90 are often short (usually <2-3 days), and the interannual variation of their mean duration is noisier than for the other indices. Nevertheless, heat spells tend to last longer, with almost constantly positive anomalies since the mid-1990s. The trends in March-June, the warmest season across the Sahelian and Sudanian belts, show similar variations as annual means. Overall, the local-scale warming in annual temperatures, and in March-June, may be viewed merely as a simple shift of the probability distribution function of daily TX and TN. The correlations between the thermal indices and the 2m temperatures suggest that the low-frequency (>8 years) variations may be viewed as a regional-scale fingerprint of the global warming, with largest correlations in the tropical Atlantic and Indian basins, while the high-frequency (<8 years) variations should be mostly viewed as a delayed remote impact of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the region, with warm (cold) anomalies tending to follow warm (cold) ENSO events.
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Nicolet, G., Eckert, N., Morin, S., & Blanchet, J. (2016). Decreasing spatial dependence in extreme snowfall in the French Alps since 1958 under climate change. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 121(14), 8297–8310.
Abstract: Whereas changes in magnitude of geophysical extremes under climate change have received significant attention, potential concomitant changes in spatial dependence structures have remained unexplored so far. Here we provide first evidence of such an effect, highlighting a significant trend in the spatial dependence structure of snowfall extremes in the French Alps at decadal time scale. Specifically, we process a comprehensive data set of winter maximum snowfall from all over the French Alps collected in 90 stations from 1958 to 2012. We estimate extremal dependence over 20year moving estimation windows taking into account possible anisotropy potentially related to orographic effects and/or patterns in atmospheric flows. For each window, we derive a range representing the distance above which extremes are almost independent. We show that snowfall extremes tended to become less spatially dependent over time, with the dependence range reduced roughly by half during the study period. We demonstrate the connection between this trend and local and synoptic climatic variables associated with the current climate change context. In details, the decreasing pattern in extremal dependence is concomitant with a trend toward less harsh winter conditions. It is attributable at first to the increase in temperature and its major control on the snow/rain partitioning. Yet a magnitude effect, with less dependent extremes due to a decrease in intensity of precipitation, also exists. Finally, we show that our results are largely insensitive to the minimal modeling assumptions necessary to our data-based approach. This robustness makes it potentially suitable for various other studies in the field of geophysical extremes.
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Ringard, J., Dieppois, B., Rome, S., Diedhiou, A., Pellarin, T., Konare, A., et al. (2016). The intensification of thermal extremes in west Africa. Global And Planetary Change, 139, 66–77.
Abstract: This study aims in filling the gap in understanding the relationship between trend and extreme in diurnal and nocturnal temperatures (Tx and Tn) over the Gulf of Guinea area and the Sahel. Time-evolution and trend of Tx and Tn anomalies, extreme temperatures and heat waves are examined using regional and station-based indices over the 1900-2012 and 1950-2012 periods respectively. In investigating extreme temperature anomalies and heat waves, a percentile method is used. At the regional and local scales, rising trends in Tx and Tn anomalies, which appear more pronounced over the past 60 years, are identified over the two regions. The trends are characterized by an intensification of: i) nocturnal/Tn warming over the second half of the 20th century; and ii) diurnal/Tx warming over the post-1980s. This is the same scheme with extreme warm days and warm nights. Finally annual number of diurnal and nocturnal heat waves has increase over the Gulf of Guinea coastal regions over the second half of the 20th century, and even more substantially over the post-1980s period. Although this trend in extreme warm days and nights is always overestimated in the simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), those models display rising trends whatever the scenario, which are likely to be more and more pronounced over the two regions in the next 50 years. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Vannier, O., Anquetin, S., & Braud, I. (2016). Investigating the role of geology in the hydrological response of Mediterranean catchments prone to flash-floods: Regional modelling study and process understanding. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 158–172.
Abstract: In this study, a regional distributed hydrological model is used to perform long-term and flash-flood event simulations, over the Cevennes-Vivarais region (south of France). The objective is to improve our understanding on the role played by geology on the hydrological processes of catchments during two past flash-flood events. This modelling work is based on Vannier et al. (“Regional estimation of catchment-scale soil properties by means of streamflow recession analysis for use in distributed hydrological models”, Hydrological Processes, 2014), where streamflow recessions are analysed to estimate the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of weathered rock layers, depending on the geological nature of catchments. Weathered rock layers are thus implemented into the hydrological model CVN-p, and the contribution of these layers is assessed during flash-flood events simulations as well as during inter event periods. The model is used without any calibration, to test hypotheses on the active hydrological processes. The results point out two different hydrological behaviours, depending on the geology: on crystalline rocks (granite and gneiss), the addition of a weathered rock layer considerably improves the simulated discharges, during flash-flood events as well as during recession periods, and makes the model able to remarkably reproduce the observed streamflow dynamics. For other geologies (schists especially), the benefits are real, but not sufficient to properly simulate the observed streamflow dynamics. These results probably underline the existence of poorly known processes (flow paths, non-linear spilling process) associated with the planar structure of schisty rocks. On a methodological point of view, this study proposes a simple way to account for the additional storage associated with each geological entity, through the addition of a weathered porous rock layer situated below the traditionally considered upper soil horizons, and shows its applicability and benefits for the simulation of flash flood events at the regional scale. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Vidal, J. P., Hingray, B., Magand, C., Sauquet, E., & Ducharne, A. (2016). Hierarchy of climate and hydrological uncertainties in transient low-flow projections. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 20(9), 3651–3672.
Abstract: This paper proposes a methodology for estimating the transient probability distribution of yearly hydrological variables conditional to an ensemble of projections built from multiple general circulation models (GCMs), multiple statistical downscaling methods (SDMs), and multiple hydrological models (HMs). The methodology is based on the quasi-ergodic analysis of variance (QE-ANOVA) framework that allows quantifying the contributions of the different sources of total uncertainty, by critically taking account of large-scale internal variability stemming from the transient evolution of multiple GCM runs, and of small-scale internal variability derived from multiple realizations of stochastic SDMs. This framework thus allows deriving a hierarchy of climate and hydrological uncertainties, which depends on the time horizon considered. It was initially developed for long-term climate averages and is here extended jointly to (1) yearly anomalies and (2) low-flow variables. It is applied to better understand possible transient futures of both winter and summer low flows for two snow-influenced catchments in the southern French Alps. The analysis takes advantage of a very large data set of transient hydrological projections that combines in a comprehensive way 11 runs from four different GCMs, three SDMs with 10 stochastic realizations each, as well as six diverse HMs. The change signal is a decrease in yearly low flows of around -20 % in 2065, except for the more elevated catchment in winter where low flows barely decrease. This signal is largely masked by both large- and small-scale internal variability, even in 2065. The time of emergence of the change signal is however detected for low-flow averages over 30-year time slices starting as early as 2020. The most striking result is that a large part of the total uncertainty – and a higher one than that due to the GCMs – stems from the difference in HM responses. An analysis of the origin of this substantial divergence in HM responses for both catchments and in both seasons suggests that both evapotranspiration and snowpack components of HMs should be carefully checked for their robustness in a changed climate in order to provide reliable outputs for informing water resource adaptation strategies.
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Vincendon, B., Edouard, S., Dewaele, H., Ducrocq, V., Lespinas, F., Delrieu, G., et al. (2016). Modeling flash floods in southern France for road management purposes. Journal Of Hydrology, 541, 190–205.
Abstract: Flash-floods are among the most devastating hazards in the Mediterranean. A major subset of damage and casualties caused by flooding is related to road submersion. Distributed hydrological nowcasting can be used for road flooding monitoring. This requires rainfall-runoff simulations at a high space and time resolution. Distributed hydrological models, such as the ISBA-TOP coupled system used in this study, are designed to simulate discharges for any cross-section of a river but they are generally calibrated for certain outlets and give deteriorated results for the sub-catchment outlets. The paper first analyses ISBA-TOP discharge simulations in the French Mediterranean region for target points different from the outlets used for calibration. The sensitivity of the model to its governing factors is examined to highlight the validity of results obtained for ungauged river sections compared with those obtained for the main gauged outlets. The use of improved model inputs is found beneficial for sub-catchments simulation. The calibration procedure however provides the parameters' values for the main outlets only and these choices influence the simulations for ungauged catchments or sub-catchments. As a result, a new version of ISBA-TOP system without any parameter to calibrate is used to produce diagnostics relevant for quantifying the risk of road submersion. A first diagnostic is the simulated runoff spatial distribution, it provides a useful information about areas with a high risk of submersion. Then an indicator of the flood severity is given by simulated discharges presented with respect to return periods. The latter has to be used together with information about the vulnerability of road-river cross-sections. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Wilhelm, B., Nomade, J., Crouzet, C., Litty, C., Sabatier, P., Belle, S., et al. (2016). Quantified sensitivity of small lake sediments to record historic earthquakes: Implications for paleoseismology. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 121(1), 2–16.
Abstract: Seismic hazard assessment is a critical but challenging issue for modern societies. A key parameter to be estimated is the recurrence interval of damaging earthquakes. This requires the establishment of earthquake records long enough to be relevant, i.e., far longer than historical observations. We study how lake sediments can be used for this purpose and explore conditions that enable lake sediments to record earthquakes. This was achieved (i) through the compilation of eight lake-sediment sequences from the European Alps to reconstruct chronicles of mass movement deposits and (ii) through the comparison of these chronicles with the well-documented earthquake history. This allowed 24 occurrences of mass movements to be identified, of which 21 were most probably triggered by an earthquake. However, the number of earthquake-induced deposits varies between lakes of a same region, suggesting variable thresholds of the lake sequences to record earthquake shaking. These thresholds have been quantified by linking the mass movement occurrences in a single lake to both intensity and distance of the triggering earthquakes. This method offers a quantitative approach to estimate locations and intensities of past earthquake epicenters. Finally, we explored which lake characteristics could explain the various sensitivities. Our results suggest that sedimentation rate should be larger than 0.5mmyr(-1) so that a given lake records earthquakes in moderately active seismotectonic regions. We also postulate that an increasing sedimentation rate may imply an increasing sensitivity to earthquake shaking. Hence, further paleoseismological studies should control carefully that no significant change in sedimentation rates occurs within a record, which could falsify the assessment of earthquake recurrence intervals.
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Wilhelm, B., Vogel, H., Crouzet, C., Etienne, D., & Anselmetti, F. S. (2016). Frequency and intensity of palaeofloods at the interface of Atlantic and Mediterranean climate domains. Climate Of The Past, 12(2), 299–316.
Abstract: The long-term response of the flood activity to both Atlantic and Mediterranean climatic influences was explored by studying a lake sequence (Lake Foreant) of the Western European Alps. High-resolution sedimentological and geochemical analysis revealed 171 event layers, 168 of which result from past flood events over the last millennium. The layer thickness was used as a proxy of intensity of past floods. Because the Foreant palaeoflood record is in agreement with the documented variability of historical floods resulting from local and mesoscale, summer-to-autumn convective events, it is assumed to highlight changes in flood frequency and intensity related to such events typical of both Atlantic (local events) and Mediterranean (mesoscale events) climatic influences. Comparing the Foreant record with other Atlantic-influenced and Mediterranean-influenced regional flood records highlights a common feature in all flood patterns that is a higher flood frequency during the cold period of the Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 1300-1900). In contrast, high-intensity flood events are apparent during both the cold LIA and the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD 9501250). However, there is a tendency towards higher frequencies of high-intensity flood events during the warm MCA. The MCA extremes could mean that under the global warming scenario, we might see an increase in intensity (not in frequency). However, the flood frequency and intensity in the course of the 20th century warming trend did not change significantly. Uncertainties in future evolution of flood intensity lie in the interpretation of the lack of 20th century extremes (transition or stable?) and the different climate forcing factors between the two periods (greenhouse gases vs. solar and/or volcanic eruptions).
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Zwiebel, J., Van Baelen, J., Anquetin, S., Pointin, Y., & Boudevillain, B. (2016). Impacts of orography and rain intensity on rainfall structure. The case of the HyMeX IOP7a event. Quarterly Journal Of The Royal Meteorological Society, 142, 310–319.
Abstract: The first Special Observation Period of the HyMeX campaign took place during autumn 2012. A specific observational network was set up in the south of France with the aim of better understanding the role and impact of complex terrain on the horizontal and vertical structure of rainfall and the associated microphysical processes. The event, referred to as IOP7a, which occurred on 26 September 2012, is studied in this article. A first analysis, based on two reference parameters of the drop-size distribution (DSD), shows that the topography of the region has an impact on the rainfall structure at the fine scale and that rainfall intensity also has an influence on the DSD parameters. A more detailed study, based on the evolution of the shape of the DSD and of the liquid water content (LWC) within different rainfall intensities, reveals that the coalescence mechanism is of significant importance for different rainfall regimes and for different topographic areas. As we get closer to the ground, the modification of the DSD shows that other microphysical and dynamical processes (such as evaporation, break-up, turbulence in the presence of vertical wind) might compete with the coalescence mechanism or enhance it. The respective strengths of these processes depend on the local environment; coalescence seems enhanced by a layer with higher LWC as the local terrain becomes more complex, and evaporation appears more important above flatter terrain. Thus, both the orography and the rainfall intensity can impact the rainfall structure and the associated microphysical and dynamical processes.
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2015 |
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Blanchet, J., Touati, J., Lawrence, D., Garavaglia, F., & Paquet, E. (2015). Evaluation of a compound distribution based on weather pattern subsampling for extreme rainfall in Norway. Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences, 15(12), 2653–2667.
Abstract: Simulation methods for design flood analyses require estimates of extreme precipitation for simulating maximum discharges. This article evaluates the multi-exponential weather pattern (MEWP) model, a compound model based on weather pattern classification, seasonal splitting and exponential distributions, for its suitability for use in Norway. The MEWP model is the probabilistic rainfall model used in the SCHADEX method for extreme flood estimation. Regional scores of evaluation are used in a split sample framework to compare the MEWP distribution with more general heavy-tailed distributions, in this case the Multi Generalized Pareto Weather Pattern (MGPWP) distribution. The analysis shows the clear benefit obtained from seasonal and weather pattern-based subsampling for extreme value estimation. The MEWP distribution is found to have an overall better performance as compared with the MGPWP, which tends to overfit the data and lacks robustness. Finally, we take advantage of the split sample framework to present evidence for an increase in extreme rainfall in the southwestern part of Norway during the period 1979-2009, relative to 1948-1978.
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Boucher, M. A., Perreault, L., Anctil, F., & Favre, A. C. (2015). Exploratory analysis of statistical post-processing methods for hydrological ensemble forecasts. Hydrological Processes, 29(6), 1141–1155.
Abstract: Despite many recent improvements, ensemble forecast systems for streamflow often produce under-dispersed predictive distributions. This situation is problematic for their operational use in water resources management. Many options exist for post-processing of raw forecasts. However, most of these have been developed using meteorological variables such as temperature, which displays characteristics very different from streamflow. In addition, streamflow data series are often very short or contain numerous gaps, thus compromising the estimation of post-processing statistical parameters. For operational use, a post-processing method has to be effective while remaining as simple as possible. We compared existing post-processing methods using normally distributed and gamma-distributed synthetic datasets. To reflect situations encountered with ensemble forecasts of daily streamflow, four normal distribution parameterizations and six gamma distribution parameterizations were used. Three kernel-based approaches were tested, namely, the best member' method and two improvements thereof, and one regression-based approach. Additional tests were performed to assess the ability of post-processing methods to cope with short calibration series, missing values or small numbers of ensemble members. We thus found that over-dispersion is best corrected by the regression method, while under-dispersion is best corrected by kernel-based methods. This work also shows key limitations associated with short data series, missing values, asymmetry and bias. One of the improved best member methods required longer series for the estimation of post-processing parameters, but if provided with adequate information, yielded the best improvement of the continuous ranked probability score. These results suggest guidelines for future studies involving real operational datasets. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Bousquet, O., Berne, A., Delanoe, J., Dufournet, Y., Gourley, J. J., Van-Baelen, J., et al. (2015). Multifrequency Radar Observations Collected In Southern France During Hymex-Sop1. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society, 96(2), 267–282. |
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Creutin, J. D., Leblois, E., & Lepioufle, J. M. (2015). Unfreezing Taylor's Hypothesis for Precipitation. Journal Of Hydrometeorology, 16(6), 2443–2462.
Abstract: Since the seminal work of Zawadzki in the seventies, the so-called Taylor's frozen hypothesis has been regularly used to study the statistical properties of rainfall patterns. This hypothesis yields a drastic simplification in terms of symmetry of the space-time structurethe large-scale advection velocity is the conversion factor used to link the time and space autocorrelation functions (ACFs) of the small-scale variability. This study revisits the frozen hypothesis with a geostatistical model. Using analytical developments and numerical simulations tuned on available case studies from the literature, the role of large- and small-scale rainfall kinematics on the properties of the space-time ACF A(a,T) and associated fluctuations is investigated. In particular, the merits and limits of the ACF signature classically used to test the frozen hypothesis are examined. The conclusion is twofold. Taylor's hypothesis, understood as the quest for a space-time symmetry in rain field variability, remains important in hydrometeorology four decades after the pioneering work of Zawadzki. The frozen hypothesis, introduced for simplification purposes, appears difficult to check and too constraining. The methods proposed to check the hypothesis rely too directly on the use of the advection velocity as a space-time conversion factor instead of contemplating the ACF signature more globally. The model proposed that using two characteristic velocities instead of one appears more flexible to fit the ACF behaviors presented in the literature. This remains to be checked over a long-term high-resolution dataset.
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Defer, E., Pinty, J. P., Coquillat, S., Martin, J. M., Prieur, S., Soula, S., et al. (2015). An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(2), 649–669.
Abstract: The PEACH project (Projet en Electricite Atmospherique pour la Campagne HyMeX – the Atmospheric Electricity Project of the HyMeX Program) is the atmospheric electricity component of the Hydrology cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) experiment and is dedicated to the observation of both lightning activity and electrical state of continental and maritime thunderstorms in the area of the Mediterranean Sea. During the HyMeX SOP1 (Special Observation Period) from 5 September to 6 November 2012, four European operational lightning locating systems (ATDnet, EUCLID, LINET, ZEUS) and the HyMeX lightning mapping array network (HyLMA) were used to locate and characterize the lightning activity over the northwestern Mediterranean at flash, storm and regional scales. Additional research instruments like slow antennas, video cameras, microbarometer and microphone arrays were also operated. All these observations in conjunction with operational/research ground-based and airborne radars, rain gauges and in situ microphysical records are aimed at characterizing and understanding electrically active and highly precipitating events over southeastern France that often lead to severe flash floods. Simulations performed with cloud resolving models like Meso-NH and Weather Research and Forecasting are used to interpret the results and to investigate further the links between dynamics, microphysics, electrification and lightning occurrence. Herein we present an overview of the PEACH project and its different instruments. Examples are discussed to illustrate the comprehensive and unique lightning data set, from radio frequency to acoustics, collected during the SOP1 for lightning phenomenology understanding, instrumentation validation, storm characterization and modeling.
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Delrieu, G., Wijbrans, A., Boudevillain, B., Faure, D., Bonnifait, L., & Kirstetter, P. E. (2015). Geostatistical radar-raingauge merging: A novel method for the quantification of rain estimation accuracy (vol 71, pg 110, 2014). Advances In Water Resources, 78, 155. |
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Dieppois, B., Durand, A., Fournier, M., Diedhiou, A., Fontaine, B., Massei, N., et al. (2015). Low-frequency variability and zonal contrast in Sahel rainfall and Atlantic sea surface temperature teleconnections during the last century. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 121(1-2), 139–155.
Abstract: This study systematically examines teleconnections between Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and the west-east distribution of Sahel rainfall throughout the twentieth century, taking nonstationarity into account. Sahel rainfall variability of six selected rain gauges displays three dominant time scales: multi-decadal (> 20 years), quasi-decadal (8-18 years) and interannual (2-8 years). Regarding their patterns of low-frequency scales, three coherent Sahelian subregions can be identified: the Atlantic Coast (Dakar), western-central Sahel (Nioro and Mopti) and eastern Sahel (Niamey, Maradi, Maine-Soroa). Cross-analyses combining spectral and multivariate analyses of 20 station-based data and West-African gridded rainfall data statistically confirm dissimilarities between the western and eastern Sahel. Western and eastern Sahel rainfall data are correlated with SSTs from different regions of the Atlantic Ocean, especially in the North and tropical South Atlantic. As determined by wavelet coherence and phase, in-phase relationship with North Atlantic SSTs only occurs in wet periods and at the multi- and quasi-decadal scales. This teleconnection depends on the time period and the time scale, displaying a NW-SE pattern, which suggests nonuniform modulations of meridional displacements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Tropical South Atlantic SST variability is often related to opposite patterns between the Gulf of Guinean Coast (in phase) and Sahel region (out of phase).
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Drigeard, E., Fontaine, E., Wobrock, W., Schwarzenbock, A., Duroure, C., Williams, E. R., et al. (2015). A Comparison of Airborne In Situ Cloud Microphysical Measurement with Ground-Based C-Band Radar Observations in Deep Stratiform Regions of African Squall Lines. Journal Of Applied Meteorology And Climatology, 54(12), 2461–2477.
Abstract: This study addresses clouds with significant ice water content (IWC) in the stratiform regions downwind of the convective cores of African squall lines in the framework of the French-Indian satellite Megha-Tropiques project, observed in August 2010 next to Niamey (13.5 degrees N, 2 degrees E) in the southwestern part of Niger. The objectives included comparing the IWC-Z reflectivity relationship for precipitation radars in deep stratiform anvils, collocating reflectivity observed from ground radar with the calculated reflectivity from in situ microphysics for all aircraft locations inside the radar range, and interpreting the role of large ice crystals in the reflectivity of centimeter radars through analysis of their microphysical characteristics as ice crystals larger than 5 mm frequently occurred. It was found that, in the range of 20-30 dBZ, IWC and C-band reflectivity are not really correlated. Cloud regions with high IWC caused by important crystal number concentrations can lead to the same reflectivity factor as cloud regions with low IWC formed by a few millimeter-sized ice crystals.
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Francois, B., Hingray, B., Creutin, J. D., & Hendrickx, F. (2015). Estimating Water System Performance Under Climate Change: Influence of the Management Strategy Modeling. Water Resources Management, 29(13), 4903–4918.
Abstract: Water resource management models, used to anticipate global change impact on water system performance, are classically a crude representation of real water systems. This paper analyzes how the representation of the management model may influence estimates of changes in performance for a multiobjective water reservoir in the French Alps. We consider three management strategy representations named as clear-, short- and far-sighted management. They are based on different forecastability degrees of seasonal inflows into the reservoir. The strategies are optimized using a Dynamic Programming algorithm (deterministic for clear-sighted and implicit stochastic for short- and far-sighted). Changes in system performance are estimated for a multimodel multimember ensemble of hydroclimatic simulations under the SRES-A1B emission scenario. They are much more influenced by changes in hydro-meteorological variables than by the strategy representation. The simple clear-sighted management representation has a quite similar effect as the far-sighted one supposedly closer to real world. The short-sighted representation misestimates the system performance, especially when inter-annual inflow variability is high.
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Jalbert, J., Favre, A. C., Belisle, C., Angers, J. F., & Paquin, D. (2015). Canadian RCM Projected Transient Changes to Precipitation Occurrence, Intensity, and Return Level over North America. Journal Of Climate, 28(17), 6920–6937.
Abstract: As a consequence of the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, potential changes in both precipitation occurrence and intensity may lead to several consequences for Earth's environment. It is therefore relevant to estimate these changes in order to anticipate their consequences. Many studies have been published on precipitation changes based on climate simulations. These studies are almost always based on time slices; precipitation changes are estimated by comparing two 30-yr windows. To this extent, it is commonly assumed that nonstationary processes are not significant for such a 30-yr slice. Thus, it frees the investigator to statistically model nonstationary processes. However, using transient runs instead of time slices surely leads to more accurate analysis since more data are taken into account. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a transient probabilistic model for describing simulated daily precipitation from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) in order to investigate precipitation evolution over North America. Changes to both the occurrence and intensity of precipitation are then assessed from a continuous time period. Extreme values are also investigated with the transient run; a new methodology using the models for precipitation occurrence and intensity was developed for achieving nonstationary frequency analysis. The results herein show an increase in both precipitation occurrence and intensity for most parts of Canada while a decrease is expected over Mexico. For the continental United States, a decrease in both occurrence and intensity is expected in summer but an increase is expected in winter.
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Kuentz, A., Mathevet, T., Gailhard, J., & Hingray, B. (2015). Building long-term and high spatio-temporal resolution precipitation and air temperature reanalyses by mixing local observations and global atmospheric reanalyses: the ANATEM model. Hydrology And Earth System Sciences, 19(6), 2717–2736.
Abstract: Efforts to improve the understanding of past climatic or hydrologic variability have received a great deal of attention in various fields of geosciences such as glaciology, dendrochronology, sedimentology and hydrology. Based on different proxies, each research community produces different kinds of climatic or hydrologic reanalyses at different spatio-temporal scales and resolutions. When considering climate or hydrology, many studies have been devoted to characterising variability, trends or breaks using observed time series representing different regions or climates of the world. However, in hydrology, these studies have usually been limited to short temporal scales (mainly a few decades and more rarely a century) because they require observed time series (which suffer from a limited spatio-temporal density). This paper introduces ANATEM, a method that combines local observations and large-scale climatic information (such as the 20CR Reanalysis) to build long-term probabilistic air temperature and precipitation time series with a high spatio-temporal resolution (1 day and a few km(2)). ANATEM was tested on the reconstruction of air temperature and precipitation time series of 22 watersheds situated in the Durance River basin, in the French Alps. Based on a multi-criteria and multi-scale diagnosis, the results show that ANATEM improves the performance of classical statistical models – especially concerning spatial homogeneity – while providing an original representation of uncertainties which are conditioned by atmospheric circulation patterns. The ANATEM model has been also evaluated for the regional scale against independent long-term time series and was able to capture regional low-frequency variability over more than a century (1883-2010).
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Marty, R., Fortin, V., Kuswanto, H., Favre, A. C., & Parent, E. (2015). Combining the Bayesian processor of output with Bayesian model averaging for reliable ensemble forecasting. Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society Series C-Applied Statistics, 64(1), 75–92.
Abstract: Weather predictions are uncertain by nature. This uncertainty is dynamically assessed by a finite set of trajectories, called ensemble members. Unfortunately, ensemble prediction systems underestimate the uncertainty and thus are unreliable. Statistical approaches are proposed to post-process ensemble forecasts, including Bayesian model averaging and the Bayesian processor of output. We develop a methodology, called the Bayesian processor of ensemble members, from a hierarchical model and combining the two aforementioned frameworks to calibrate ensemble forecasts. The Bayesian processor of ensemble members is compared with Bayesian model averaging and the Bayesian processor of output by calibrating surface temperature forecasting over eight stations in the province of Quebec (Canada). Results show that ensemble forecast skill is improved by the method developed.
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N'Datchoh, E. T., Konare, A., Diedhiou, A., Diawara, A., Quansah, E., & Assamoi, P. (2015). Effects of climate variability on savannah fire regimes in West Africa. Earth System Dynamics, 6(1), 161–174.
Abstract: The main objective of this work is to investigate at regional scale the variability in burned areas over the savannahs of West Africa and their links with the rainfall and the large-scale climatic indexes such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperature gradient (SSTG). Daily satellite products (L3JRC) of burned areas from the SPOT Vegetation sensor at a moderate spatial resolution of 1km x 1km between 2000 and 2007 were analyzed over the West African savannah in this paper. Results from seasonal analysis revealed a large increase in burned areas from November to February, with consistent peaks in December at the regional scale. In addition, about 30% of the pixels are burned at least four times within the 7-year period. Positive correlations were found between burned areas and rainfall values obtained from the TRMM satellite over savannahs located above 8 degrees N, meaning that a wet rainfall season over these regions was favorable to biomass availability in the next dry season and therefore may induce an increase in burned areas in this region. Moreover, our results showed a nonlinear relationship between the large-scale climatic indexes SOI, MEI, NAO and SSTG and burned-area anomalies. Positive (negative) correlations between burned areas and SOI (MEI) were consistent over the Sahel and Sudano-Sahelian areas. Negative correlations with Atlantic SSTG were significant over the Guinea subregion. Correlations between burned areas over Sudano-Guinean subregion and all the large-scale indexes were weak and may be explained by the fact that this subregion had a mean rainfall greater than 800 mmyr(-1) with permanent biomass availability and an optimal amount of soil moisture favorable to fire practice irrespective of the climate conditions. The teleconnection with NAO was not clear and needed to be investigated further.
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Nikolopoulos, E. I., Borga, M., Creutin, J. D., & Marra, F. (2015). Estimation of debris flow triggering rainfall: Influence of rain gauge density and interpolation methods. Geomorphology, 243, 40–50.
Abstract: The forecast of debris flow occurrence relies mainly on empirical rainfall intensity-duration thresholds, which are based on rain gauge observations. This work focuses on the effect of rainfall estimation uncertainty on the estimation of debris flow triggering rainfall events and on the identification of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence. Specifically, the influence of rain gauge network density and the interpolation method on the estimation of debris flow triggering rainfall is investigated. These questions are examined using high-resolution, carefully corrected radar data to represent space-time patterns of true precipitation at the debris flow initiation points and in the surrounding area Radar rainfall fields are sampled by simulated rain gauge networks, stochastically generated with varying rain gauge densities. Based on these networks, rainfall is estimated by using three rainfall interpolation methods: nearest neighbor (NN), inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK). Results show that NN provides the estimates with bias smaller than IDW and OK but larger estimation variance. Overall, decrease in gauge density leads to increased underestimation and increased estimation variance of debris flow triggering rainfall. Rainfall estimation error leads to large underestimation of the intensity-duration thresholds. However, comparison of results shows that no particular benefit in intensity-duration threshold estimation is obtained by using approaches that are more complex than the NN method. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Panthou, G., Vischel, T., Lebel, T., Blanchet, J., Quantin, G., & Ali, A. (2015). Mapping rainfall return level in West Africa: comparison of different approaches. Houille Blanche-Revue Internationale De L Eau, (6), 42–48.
Abstract: In a world of increasing exposure of populations to natural hazards, the mapping of extreme rainfall remains a key subject of study. Such maps are required for both flood risk management and civil engineering structure design, the challenge being to take into account the local information provided by point rainfall series as well as the necessity of some regional coherency. Two approaches based on the extreme value theory are compared here, with an application to extreme rainfall mapping in West Africa. The first approach is a local fit and interpolation (LFI) consisting of a spatial interpolation of the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution parameters estimated independently at each station. The second approach is a spatial maximum likelihood estimation (SMLE); it directly estimates the GEV distribution over the entire region by a single maximum likelihood fit using jointly all measurements combined with spatial covariates. Five LFI and three SMLE methods are considered, using the information provided by 126 daily rainfall series covering the period 1950-1990. The methods are first evaluated in calibration. Then the predictive skills and the robustness are assessed through a cross-validation and an independent network validation process. The SMLE approach, especially when using the mean annual rainfall as covariate, appears to perform better for most of the scores computed. Using the Niamey 104 year time series, it is also shown that the SMLE approach has the capacity to deal more efficiently with the effect of local outliers by using the spatial information provided by nearby stations.
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Raynaud, D., Thielen, J., Salamon, P., Burek, P., Anquetin, S., & Alfieri, L. (2015). A dynamic runoff co-efficient to improve flash flood early warning in Europe: evaluation on the 2013 central European floods in Germany. Meteorological Applications, 22(3), 410–418.
Abstract: Flash floods are listed among the deadliest and costliest weather-driven hazard worldwide. Yet, only a few systems to predict flash floods run operationally in Europe. Recently, the European Precipitation Index based on Climatology (EPIC) was developed and then set up for daily flash flood early warning for an area covering most of the continent. EPIC is a purely rainfall-driven indicator based on the prediction of statistical threshold exceedence of the upstream precipitation to provide early warning up to 5days in advance. Its main assumption is that flash floods are directly and solely related to extreme accumulations of upstream precipitation. It does not take into account any geo-factors such as slope and land use or processes such as initial soil moisture, which can have a significant impact on the triggering of such events. This study proposes an enhanced version of EPIC through a dynamic and distributed runoff co-efficient which depends on the initial soil moisture. This co-efficient, namely the European Runoff Index based on Climatology (ERIC), is used to weigh each contribution of the upstream precipitation proportionally to the initial soil moisture. The evaluation based on 1year of daily runs proved that ERIC reaches a threat score of 0.5 if it forecasts a probability >35% of exceeding the 20year return period of upstream runoff. This result is 0.16 higher than for EPIC. A case study of the flash flooding affecting central Europe in June 2013 demonstrated the ability of ERIC to successfully detect and locate the affected areas.
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Tencaliec, P., Favre, A. C., Prieur, C., & Mathevet, T. (2015). Reconstruction of missing daily streamflow data using dynamic regression models. Water Resources Research, 51(12), 9447–9463.
Abstract: River discharge is one of the most important quantities in hydrology. It provides fundamental records for water resources management and climate change monitoring. Even very short data-gaps in this information can cause extremely different analysis outputs. Therefore, reconstructing missing data of incomplete data sets is an important step regarding the performance of the environmental models, engineering, and research applications, thus it presents a great challenge. The objective of this paper is to introduce an effective technique for reconstructing missing daily discharge data when one has access to only daily streamflow data. The proposed procedure uses a combination of regression and autoregressive integrated moving average models (ARIMA) called dynamic regression model. This model uses the linear relationship between neighbor and correlated stations and then adjusts the residual term by fitting an ARIMA structure. Application of the model to eight daily streamflow data for the Durance river watershed showed that the model yields reliable estimates for the missing data in the time series. Simulation studies were also conducted to evaluate the performance of the procedure.
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Terti, G., Ruin, I., Anquetin, S., & Gourley, J. J. (2015). Dynamic vulnerability factors for impact-based flash flood prediction. Natural Hazards, 79(3), 1481–1497.
Abstract: Social vulnerability explains the sociological and human-dependent circumstances that translate a natural event into a deadly disaster. But, what are the space-time characteristics of vulnerability (i.e., dynamic vulnerability) that influence how people are impacted by a specific natural hazard? This paper performs a critical analysis of previous flood-related human impact and vulnerability studies to better understand and summarize the human-related factors that determine the impacts from flash flood events. The paper is motivated by the hypothesis that the intersection of the spatiotemporal context of the hazard with the distribution of people and their characteristics across space and time reveals different paths of vulnerability and defines the most probable space of an exposed area in terms of deadly impacts. Based on this idea, a conceptual model for assessing vulnerability to flash flooding is developed and presented herein. The most important advance of the current research in comparison with previous efforts in vulnerability assessment is the introduction of the concept of the spatial and temporal variability of vulnerability. This means that the proposed conceptual model does not consider vulnerability as a static synopsis that can be described by a single map, but as an ever-evolving process derived from the interaction of social and physical dynamics. The dynamic perspective of vulnerability is key for the identification of pertinent vulnerability variables to be used for flash flood vulnerability assessment and dynamic mapping, and prediction.
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Thirel, G., Andreassian, V., Perrin, C., Audouy, J. N., Berthet, L., Edwards, P., et al. (2015). Hydrology under change: an evaluation protocol to investigate how hydrological models deal with changing catchments. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 60(7-8), 1184–1199.
Abstract: Testing hydrological models under changing conditions is essential to evaluate their ability to cope with changing catchments and their suitability for impact studies. With this perspective in mind, a workshop dedicated to this issue was held at the 2013 General Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) in Goteborg, Sweden, in July 2013, during which the results of a common testing experiment were presented. Prior to the workshop, the participants had been invited to test their own models on a common set of basins showing varying conditions specifically set up for the workshop. All these basins experienced changes, either in physical characteristics (e.g. changes in land cover) or climate conditions (e.g. gradual temperature increase). This article presents the motivations and organization of this experimentthat isthe testing (calibration and evaluation) protocol and the common framework of statistical procedures and graphical tools used to assess the model performances. The basins datasets are also briefly introduced (a detailed description is provided in the associated Supplementary material).
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Wilhelm, B., Sabatier, P., & Arnaud, F. (2015). Is a regional flood signal reproducible from lake sediments? Sedimentology, 62(4), 1103–1117.
Abstract: The evolution of flood activity with global warming remains uncertain. To better assess flood-climate relationships, lake sediments are increasingly being investigated because they could provide regional flood histories long enough to cover past climate changes. However, site-specific sedimentary processes may bias flood reconstructions. The aim of this article is to investigate these effects through the reconstruction of two distinct flood records from independent, neighbouring sedimentary basins of the same lake (Lake Allos in the Mediterranean French Alps), i.e. under the same climate conditions. Understanding of sedimentary processes is crucial in order to adapt the sampling strategy and the flood-intensity proxy to each sedimentary system and, thereby, reconstruct a complete and reliable flood history. Thanks to this detailed approach, the main trends of the regional flood variability can be reproduced; i.e. periods of high flood-frequency, ranges of flood-frequency values and timing of the most intense events. In detail, some differences appeared associated to the various stream capacities to erode and transport flood sediments to the lake system, implying variable sensitivity of sedimentary systems in recording floods. Comparing regional flood records based on independent sedimentary systems from similar environments could thus be a complementary approach to assessing past flood intensity. Such an approach could open particularly interesting perspectives because reconstructing the long-term evolution of flood intensity is a key challenge in the geosciences.
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